The location of the center of resistance of the dentomaxillary complex has recently been identified more accurately than before. Based on this new finding, various modifications of the common facebow are presented for use in protraction therapy. Clinical applications for specific treatment objectives are also reviewed. Orthopedic and biomechanical implications of various standard retraction type extraoral appliances are also analyzed.

Extraoral appliances, Protraction headgear, Center of resistance, Maxillofacial complex
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Edward H. Angle Society of Orthodontists
1999