This review examines the ecological effects of roads and utility corridors such as powerlines, pipelines, canals and railway lines on undisturbed habitat and native wildlife. Public concern about roads in natural areas is increasing, as shown by the public protests against forest roads in the Central Highlands of Victoria and the National Estate areas in the south-east forests of New South Wales. The Daintree Read through Queensland's tropical rainforest created an international protest and remains Australia's most notorious road. The original Very Fast Train (VFT) proposal favoured a route which would have divided the two major wilderness areas of the Gippsland forests in Victoria by creating a fenced impenetrable barrier to some wildlife. Planning authorities need to address the impacts of fragmentation of natural habitats by such developments.

Although it is difficult to draw conclusions from a comparison of studies covering different countries, species and habitats, areas of concern for wildlife conservation and management emerge, including increased mortality, divided populations and invasions of common species. There is a need for studies on the effects of these linear artifacts on Australian wildlife.

ADAMS, L. W., 1984. Small mammal use of an interstate highway median strip. J. Appl. Ecol. 21: 175-78.
,
Small mammal use of an interstate highway median strip
,
J. Appl. Ecol.
, vol.
21
(pg.
175
-
78
)
ADAMS, L. W, AND GEIS, A D., 1983. Effects of roads on small mammals. J. Appl. Ecol. 20: 403-15.
,
Effects of roads on small mammals
,
J. Appl. Ecol.
, vol.
20
(pg.
403
-
15
)
ANDERSON, S. H., MANN, K. AND SHUGART, H. H., 1977. The effect of transmission-line corridors on bird populations. Am. Midl. Nat. 97: 216-21.
,
The effect of transmission-line corridors on bird populations
,
Am. Midl. Nat.
, vol.
97
(pg.
216
-
21
)
ANDERSON, W. L., 1978. Waterfowl collisions with power lines at a coal-fired power plant. Wildl. Soc, Bull. 6: 77-83.
,
Waterfowl collisions with power lines at a coal-fired power plant
,
Wildl. Soc, Bull.
, vol.
6
(pg.
77
-
83
)
ANON., 1985. Beware toads. Natural World 13 (Summer): 42.
ANON., 1986. Surrey and Sussex Natural World 8 (Winter): 39.
ARNOLD, G. W., ALGAR, D., HOBBS, R. J. AND ATKINS, L., 1987. A Survey of Vegetation and its Relationship to Vertebrate Fauna Present in Winter on Road Verges in the Kellerberrin District, WA. Technical Report 18. Dept. of Conservation and Land Management, WA, Perth.
,
A Survey of Vegetation and its Relationship to Vertebrate Fauna Present in Winter on Road Verges in the Kellerberrin District, WA
BAKOWSKI, C. AND KOZAKIEWICZ, M., 1988 The effect of forest road on Bank Vote and Yellow-necked Mouse populations. Acta Theriologica 33: 345-53.
,
The effect of forest road on Bank Vote and Yellow-necked Mouse populations
,
Acta Theriologica
, vol.
33
(pg.
345
-
53
)
BARNETT, J. L., HOW, R. A. AND HUMPHREYS, W. F., 1978. The use of habitat components by small mammals in eastern Australia. Aust. J. Ecol. 3: 277-85.
,
The use of habitat components by small mammals in eastern Australia
,
Aust. J. Ecol.
, vol.
3
(pg.
277
-
85
)
BAUR, A. AND BAUR, B., 1990. Are roads barriers to dispersal in the land snail Arianta arbustorum? Can. J. Zool. 68: 613-17.
,
Are roads barriers to dispersal in the land snail Arianta arbustorum?
,
Can. J. Zool.
, vol.
68
(pg.
613
-
17
)
BELL, H. L., 1980. The effects of a power-line clearing on birds of dry sclerophyll forest at Black Mountain Reserve. Australian Capital Territory. Corella 4: 8-19.
,
The effects of a power-line clearing on birds of dry sclerophyll forest at Black Mountain Reserve. Australian Capital Territory
,
Corella
, vol.
4
(pg.
8
-
19
)
BENNETT, A. F., 1988. Roadside vegetation: a habitat for mammals at Naringal, South-Western Victoria. Victorian Nat. 105: 107-13.
,
Roadside vegetation: a habitat for mammals at Naringal, South-Western Victoria
,
Victorian Nat
, vol.
105
(pg.
107
-
13
)
BENNETT, A. F., in press, to be published 1991. Roads, roadsides and wildlife conservation: a review. In Nature Conservation (2): The Role of Corridors ed by D. A. Saunders. Papers from the Busselton Workshop in 1989. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Chipping Norton.
BORSCHMANN, G., 1984. Greater Daintree. Aust. Conservation Foundation, Hawthorn.
,
Greater Daintree
BRATTSTROM, B. H. AND BONDELLO, M. C., 1983. Effects of off-road vehicle noise on desert vertebrates. In Environmental Effects of Off-Road Vehicles, Impact and Management in Arid Regions ed by R. H. Webb and H. H. Wilshire. Springer-Verlag: New York.
,
Environmental Effects of Off-Road Vehicles, Impact and Management in Arid Regions
BRECKWODLT, R., 1983. Wildlife in the Home Paddock. Angus & Robertson: Sydney.
,
Wildlife in the Home Paddock
BROADBENYT, J. A. AND CRANWELL, I., 1979. Faunal studies for the proposed Mount White-Kariong-Ourimhah sections of the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway (No. 3). Parts 1 and 2. Prepared for the Department of Main Roads, Environmental and Urban Studies Report No. 45, Macquarie University, Sydney.
BROADBENT, J. A., PRESSEY, R., EHMANN, H., IVANTSOFF, N., JONES, A. AND WILLIAMS, R., 1981. Faunal studies for the proposed Wahroonga-Berowra section of the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway No. 3. Prepared for the Department of Main Roads, Environmental and Urban Studies Report No. 68, Macquarie University, Sydney.
BROWN, R. J., BROWN, M. N. AND PESOTTO, B., 1986. Birds killed on some secondary roads in Western Australia. Corella 10: 118-22.
,
Birds killed on some secondary roads in Western Australia
,
Corella
, vol.
10
(pg.
118
-
22
)
BRUM, G. D., BOYD, R. S. AND CARTER, S. M., 1983. Recovery rates and rehabilitation of powerline corridors. Pp. 303-14 in Environmental Effects of Off Road Vehicles. Impacts and Management in Arid Regions ed by R. H. Webb and H. G. Wilshire, Springer-Verlag: New York.
,
Environmental Effects of Off Road Vehicles. Impacts and Management in Arid Regions
(pg.
303
-
14
)
BURGESS, R. L. AND SHARPE, D. M. (eds), 1981. Forest Island Dynamics in Man-dominated Landscapes. Springer-Verlag: New York.
,
Forest Island Dynamics in Man-dominated Landscapes
CALE, P., 1990. The value of road reserves to the avifauna of the central wheatbelt of Western Australia. In Australian Ecosystems: 200 Years of Utilization, Degradation and Reconstruction. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia Vol. 16 ed by D. A. Saunders, A. J. M. Hopkins and R. A. How. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Chipping Norton.
,
Australian Ecosystems: 200 Years of Utilization, Degradation and Reconstruction
, vol.
16
CAMPBELL, I. C. AND DOEG, T, J., 1989. Impact of timber harvesting and production on streams: a review, Aust J. Marine and Freshwater Research 40: 519-39.
,
Impact of timber harvesting and production on streams: a review
,
Aust J. Marine and Freshwater Research
, vol.
40
(pg.
519
-
39
)
CARBAUGH, B., VAUGHAN, J. P., BELLS, E. D. AND GRAVES, H. B., 1975. Distribution and activity of white-tailed deer along an interstate highway. J. Wildl. Manage. 39: 570-81.
,
Distribution and activity of white-tailed deer along an interstate highway
,
J. Wildl. Manage.
, vol.
39
(pg.
570
-
81
)
CARRUTHERS, D. R. AND JAKIMCHUK, R. D., 1987. Migratory movements of the Nelchina caribou herd in relation to the Trans-Alaska pipeline. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 15: 414-20.
,
Migratory movements of the Nelchina caribou herd in relation to the Trans-Alaska pipeline
,
Wildl. Soc. Bull.
, vol.
15
(pg.
414
-
20
)
CASE, R. M., 1978. Interstate highway road-killed animals: a data source for biologists. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 6: 8-13.
,
Interstate highway road-killed animals: a data source for biologists
,
Wildl. Soc. Bull.
, vol.
6
(pg.
8
-
13
)
CASIMIR, J., 1990. Fencing with ecological issues. Sydney Morning Herald 3/2/90.
,
Fencing with ecological issues
,
Sydney Morning Herald
COLE, F. R., 1978. A movement barrier useful in population studies of small mammals. Am. Midl. Nat. 100: 480-82.
,
A movement barrier useful in population studies of small mammals
,
Am. Midl. Nat.
, vol.
100
(pg.
480
-
82
)
COULSON, G. M., 1982. Road-kills of Macropods on a section of highway in Central Victoria. Aust. Wildl. Res. 9: 21-26.
,
Road-kills of Macropods on a section of highway in Central Victoria
,
Aust. Wildl. Res.
, vol.
9
(pg.
21
-
26
)
COULSON, G., 1985. Road-kills: wheels v wildlife. Wildlife Aust. 22: 26-28.
,
Road-kills: wheels v wildlife
,
Wildlife Aust.
, vol.
22
(pg.
26
-
28
)
COULSON, G., 1989. The effect of drought on road mortality of Macropods. Aust. Wildl. Res. 16: 79-83.
,
The effect of drought on road mortality of Macropods
,
Aust. Wildl. Res.
, vol.
16
(pg.
79
-
83
)
DHINDSA, M. S., SANDHU, J. S., SANDHU, P. S. AND TOOR, H. S., 1988. Roadside birds in Punjab (India): relation to mortality from vehicles. Environ. Conserv. 15: 303-08.
,
Roadside birds in Punjab (India): relation to mortality from vehicles
,
Environ. Conserv.
, vol.
15
(pg.
303
-
08
)
DISNEY, H. J. DE S. AND FULLAGAR, P. J., 1978. A note on road kills. Corella 2: 89.
,
A note on road kills
,
Corella
, vol.
2
pg.
89
EHMANN, H. AND COGGER, H., 1985. Australia's endangered herpetofauna: a review of criteria and policies, In Biology of Australasian Frogs and Reptiles ed by G. Grigg, R. Shine and H. Ehmann. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Chipping Norton.
,
Biology of Australasian Frogs and Reptiles
FALK, N. W., GRAVES, H. B. AND BELLIS, E. D., 1978. Highway right-of-way fences as deer deterrents. J. Wildl. Manage. 42: 646-50.
,
Highway right-of-way fences as deer deterrents
,
J. Wildl. Manage.
, vol.
42
(pg.
646
-
50
)
FERRIS, C. R., 1979. Effects of Interstate 95 on breeding birds in Northern Maine. J. Wildl. Manage. 43: 421-27.
,
Effects of Interstate 95 on breeding birds in Northern Maine
,
J. Wildl. Manage.
, vol.
43
(pg.
421
-
27
)
GARLAND, T. AND BRADLEY, W. G., 1984. Effects of a highway on Mojave Desert rodent populations. Am. Midl. Nat. 111: 47-56.
,
Effects of a highway on Mojave Desert rodent populations
,
Am. Midl. Nat.
, vol.
111
(pg.
47
-
56
)
GRIEVES, C. AND LLOYD, D., 1984. Conservation of Roadsides and Roadside Vegetation. Graduate School of Environmental Science Report No. 22, Monash University, Melbourne.
,
Conservation of Roadsides and Roadside Vegetation
HARRIS, L. D., 1984. The Fragmented Forest. University of Chicago Press: Chicago.
,
The Fragmented Forest
HARRIS, L. D., 1988. Edge effects and conservation of biotic diversity. Conserv. Biol. 2: 330-32.
,
Edge effects and conservation of biotic diversity
,
Conserv. Biol.
, vol.
2
(pg.
330
-
32
)
HOLBROOK, H. T. AND VAUGHAN, M. R., 1985. Influence of roads on Turkey mortality. J. Wildl. Manage. 49: 611-14.
,
Influence of roads on Turkey mortality
,
J. Wildl. Manage.
, vol.
49
(pg.
611
-
14
)
HUANG, H. T. AND YANG, P., 1987. The ancient cultured citrus ant. Bioscience 37: 667.
,
The ancient cultured citrus ant
,
Bioscience
, vol.
37
pg.
667
HUNT, A., DICKENS, H. J. AND WHELAN, R. J., 1987, Movement of mammals through tunnels under railway lines. Aust. Zool. 24: 89-93.
,
Movement of mammals through tunnels under railway lines
,
Aust. Zool.
, vol.
24
(pg.
89
-
93
)
JOHNSON, C. D., DITSWORTH, T. M., BELEY, J. R., BUTT, S. M. AND BALDA, R. P., 1981. Arthropods, Plants and Transmission Lines in Arizona: secondary succession in a Sonoran Desert habitat. J. Environ. Manage. 13: 151-63
,
Arthropods, Plants and Transmission Lines in Arizona: secondary succession in a Sonoran Desert habitat
,
J. Environ. Manage.
, vol.
13
(pg.
151
-
63
)
JOHNSON, W. C., SCHREIBER, R. K. AND BURGESS, R. L., 1979. Diversity of small mammals in a powerline right-of-way and adjacent forest in East Tennessee. Am. Midl. Nat. 101: 231-35.
,
Diversity of small mammals in a powerline right-of-way and adjacent forest in East Tennessee
,
Am. Midl. Nat.
, vol.
101
(pg.
231
-
35
)
JONES, R. E. AND CROME, F. H. J., 1990. The biological web — plant/animal interactions in the rainforest, In Australian Tropical Rainforests. Science — Values — Meaning ed by L. J. Webb and J. Kikkawa. CSIRO: Melbourne.
,
Australian Tropical Rainforests. Science — Values — Meaning
JOULE, J. AND CAMERON, G. N., 1975. Species removal studies. 1. Dispersal strategies of sympatric Sigmodon hispidus and Reithrodontomys fulvescens populations. J. Mammal. 56: 378-96.
,
Species removal studies. 1. Dispersal strategies of sympatric Sigmodon hispidus and Reithrodontomys fulvescens populations
,
J. Mammal.
, vol.
56
(pg.
378
-
96
)
KIELL, D. J., HILL, E. L. AND MAHONEY, S. P., 1986. Protecting caribou during hydroelectric development in Newfoundland. In National Research Council Ecological knowledge and environmental problem-solving: concepts and case studies. National Academy Press: Washington.
,
Ecological knowledge and environmental problem-solving: concepts and case studies
KITCHING, R. L. AND BAKER, E. J., 1990. Hello, goodbye? Australia's rarest butterfly, the Bathurst Copper, lives in a shrinking neighbourhood. Geo 12: 92-95.
,
Hello, goodbye? Australia's rarest butterfly, the Bathurst Copper, lives in a shrinking neighbourhood
,
Geo
, vol.
12
(pg.
92
-
95
)
KROODSMA, R. L., 1982a. Edge effect on breeding forest birds along a power-line corridor. J. Appl. Ecol. 19: 361-70.
,
Edge effect on breeding forest birds along a power-line corridor
,
J. Appl. Ecol.
, vol.
19
(pg.
361
-
70
)
KROODSMA, R. L., 1982b. Bird community ecology on power-line corridors in East Tennessee. Biol. Conserv. 23: 79-94.
,
Bird community ecology on power-line corridors in East Tennessee
,
Biol. Conserv.
, vol.
23
(pg.
79
-
94
)
KROODSMA, R. L., 1985. Assessing the loss of wildlife habitat in environmental impact statements. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 13: 82-87.
,
Assessing the loss of wildlife habitat in environmental impact statements
,
Wildl. Soc. Bull.
, vol.
13
(pg.
82
-
87
)
KROODSMA, R. L., 1987, Edge effect on breeding birds along power-line corridors in East Tennessee. Am. Midl. Nat. 118: 275-83.
,
Edge effect on breeding birds along power-line corridors in East Tennessee
,
Am. Midl. Nat.
, vol.
118
(pg.
275
-
83
)
LEDEC, G., 1987. Effects of Kenya's Bura Irrigation Settlement. Project on biological diversity and other conservation concerns. Conserv. Biol. 1: 252-53.
,
Effects of Kenya's Bura Irrigation Settlement. Project on biological diversity and other conservation concerns
,
Conserv. Biol.
, vol.
1
(pg.
252
-
53
)
LEDGER, J. A. AND ANNEGARN, H. J., 1981. Electrocution hazards to the Cape Vulture Gyps coprotheres in South Africa. Biol. Conserv. 20: 15-241.
,
Electrocution hazards to the Cape Vulture Gyps coprotheres in South Africa
,
Biol. Conserv.
, vol.
20
(pg.
15
-
241
)
LOVEJOY, T. E., BIERREGAARD, R. O., RYLANDS, A. B., MALCOM, J. R., QUINTELA, C. E., HARPER, L H., BROWN, K. S., POWELL, A. H., POWELL, G. V. N., SCHUBART, H. O. R. AND HAYS, M. B., 1986. Edge and other effects of isolation on Amazon forest fragments. In Conservation Biology. The Science of Scarcity and Diversity ed by M. E. Soulé. Sinauer: Sunderland.
,
Conservation Biology. The Science of Scarcity and Diversity
MADER, H. J., 1984. Animal habitat isolation by roads and agricultural fields. Biol. Conserv. 29: 81-96.
,
Animal habitat isolation by roads and agricultural fields
,
Biol. Conserv.
, vol.
29
(pg.
81
-
96
)
MALCOLM, J. M., 1982. Bird collisions with a power transmission line and their relation to Botulism at a Montana wetland. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 10: 297-304.
,
Bird collisions with a power transmission line and their relation to Botulism at a Montana wetland
,
Wildl. Soc. Bull
, vol.
10
(pg.
297
-
304
)
MANSERGH, I. M. AND SCOTTS, D. J., 1989 Habitat continuity and social organization of the Mountain Pygmy-possum restored by tunnel. J. Wildl. Manage. 53: 701-07.
,
Habitat continuity and social organization of the Mountain Pygmy-possum restored by tunnel
,
J. Wildl. Manage.
, vol.
53
(pg.
701
-
07
)
MARSHALL, R., 1935. Immediate problems of wilderness preservation. Quoted in Nash. R., 1982. Wilderness and the American Mind. Yale University Press: New Haven. 3rd Edition: P. 204.
MCLELLAN, B. N. AND SHACKLETON, D. M., 1988. Grizzly bears and resource-extraction industries: effects of roads on behaviour, habitat use and demography. J. Appl. Ecol. 25: 451-60.
,
Grizzly bears and resource-extraction industries: effects of roads on behaviour, habitat use and demography
,
J. Appl. Ecol.
, vol.
25
(pg.
451
-
60
)
MCNEIL, R., 1985. Bird mortality at a power transmission line in Northeastern Venezuela. Biol. Conserv. 31: 153-65.
,
Bird mortality at a power transmission line in Northeastern Venezuela
,
Biol. Conserv.
, vol.
31
(pg.
153
-
65
)
MILLER, B., 1988. The VFT: is it on the right track? Habitat 16: 5-8.
,
The VFT: is it on the right track?
,
Habitat
, vol.
16
(pg.
5
-
8
)
MURPHY, S. M. AND CURATOLO, J. A. 1987. Activity budgets and movements of caribou encountering pipelines. roads and traffic in northern Alaska. Can. J. Zool. 65: 2483-90.
,
Activity budgets and movements of caribou encountering pipelines. roads and traffic in northern Alaska
,
Can. J. Zool.
, vol.
65
(pg.
2483
-
90
)
NANKINOV, D. N. AND TODOROV, N. M., 1983. Bird casualties on highways. Soviet J. Ecol. 14: 288-93.
,
Bird casualties on highways
,
Soviet J. Ecol.
, vol.
14
(pg.
288
-
93
)
NICKERSON, N. H., DOBBERTEEN, R. A. AND JARMAN, N. M., 1989. Effects of power-line construction on wetland vegetation in Massachusetts. USA. Environ. Management 13: 477-83.
,
Effects of power-line construction on wetland vegetation in Massachusetts. USA
,
Environ. Management
, vol.
13
(pg.
477
-
83
)
Noss, R. F. 1987. Corridors in real landscapes: a reply to Simberloff acid Cox. Conserv. Biol. 1: 159-64.
,
Corridors in real landscapes: a reply to Simberloff acid Cox
,
Conserv. Biol.
, vol.
1
(pg.
159
-
64
)
O'LOUGHLIN, T., 1989. The environment — not just a greenie issue. Aust. Gas J. 53: 11-15.
,
The environment — not just a greenie issue
,
Aust. Gas J.
, vol.
53
(pg.
11
-
15
)
OSAWA, R., 1989. Road-kills of the Swamp Wallaby. Wallabia bicolor, on North Stradbroke Island, South-east Queensland. Aust. Wildl. Res. 16: 95-104.
,
Road-kills of the Swamp Wallaby. Wallabia bicolor, on North Stradbroke Island, South-east Queensland
,
Aust. Wildl. Res.
, vol.
16
(pg.
95
-
104
)
OXLEY, D. J., FENTON, M. B. AND CARMODY, G. R., 1974. The effects of roads on populations of small mammals. J. Appl. Ecol. 11: 51-9.
,
The effects of roads on populations of small mammals
,
J. Appl. Ecol.
, vol.
11
(pg.
51
-
9
)
PAGELS, J. F. AND FRENCH, T. W., 1987. Discarded bottles as a source of small mammal distribution data. Am. Midl. Nat. 118: 217-19.
,
Discarded bottles as a source of small mammal distribution data
,
Am. Midl. Nat.
, vol.
118
(pg.
217
-
19
)
PAHL, L I., WINTER, J, W. AND HEINSOHN, G., 1988. Variation in responses of arboreal marsupials to fragmentation of tropical rainforest in North Eastern Australia. Biol. Conserv. 46: 71-82.
,
Variation in responses of arboreal marsupials to fragmentation of tropical rainforest in North Eastern Australia
,
Biol. Conserv.
, vol.
46
(pg.
71
-
82
)
PEDEVILLANO, C. AND WRIGHT, R. G., 1987. The influence of visitors on mountain goat activities in Glacier National Park, Montana. Biol. Conserv. 39: 1-11.
,
The influence of visitors on mountain goat activities in Glacier National Park, Montana
,
Biol. Conserv.
, vol.
39
(pg.
1
-
11
)
POJAR, T. M., PROSCENCE, R. A., REED, D. F. AND WOODARD, T. N., 1975. Effectiveness of a lighted, animated deer crossing sign. J. Wildl. Manage. 39: 87-99.
,
Effectiveness of a lighted, animated deer crossing sign
,
J. Wildl. Manage.
, vol.
39
(pg.
87
-
99
)
PRESSEY, R., BROADBENT, J. A., KEMPER, C. H. AND ANDREW. D., 1981. Faunal studies for the proposed Wallarah Creek Interchange - Wallsend section of the Sydney-Newcastle Freeway No. 3. Prepared for the Department of Main Roads, Environmental and Urban Studies Report No. 67, Macquarie University, Sydney.
PREUSS, P.C. 1989. Forest roadworks pose threat to rare possum. Conservation News July: 9.
,
Forest roadworks pose threat to rare possum
,
Conservation News
pg.
9
PREUSS, P. C., 1990. The Central Highland forests of Victoria: an environmental hot spot. Issues 9: 35-42.
,
The Central Highland forests of Victoria: an environmental hot spot
,
Issues
, vol.
9
(pg.
35
-
42
)
PUGLISI, M. J., LINDSEY, J. S. AND BELLIS, E. D., 1974. Factors associated with highway mortality of white-tailed deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 38: 799-807.
,
Factors associated with highway mortality of white-tailed deer
,
J. Wildl. Manage.
, vol.
38
(pg.
799
-
807
)
RANNEY, J. W., BRUNNER, M. C. AND LEVENSON, J. B., 1981. The importance of edge in the structure and dynamics of forest islands. In Forest Island Dynamics in Man-Dominated Landscapes ed by R. L Burgess and D. M. Sharpe. Springer-Verlag: New York.
,
Forest Island Dynamics in Man-Dominated Landscapes
RATCLIFFE, J., 1983. Why did the toad cross the road? Wildlife (Aug.): 304-07.
,
Why did the toad cross the road?
,
Wildlife
(pg.
304
-
07
)
REED, D. F., 1981. Effectiveness of highway lighting in reducing deer-vehicle accidents. J. Wildl. Manage. 45: 721-26.
,
Effectiveness of highway lighting in reducing deer-vehicle accidents
,
J. Wildl. Manage.
, vol.
45
(pg.
721
-
26
)
REED, D. F., POJAR, T. M. AND WOODARD, T. N., 1974. Use of one-way gates by mule deer. J. Wildl. Manage. 38: 9-15.
,
Use of one-way gates by mule deer
,
J. Wildl. Manage.
, vol.
38
(pg.
9
-
15
)
REED, D. F., WOODARD, T. N. AND POJAR, T. M., 1975. Behavioral response of mule deer to a highway underpass. J. Wildl. Manage. 39: 361-67.
,
Behavioral response of mule deer to a highway underpass
,
J. Wildl. Manage
, vol.
39
(pg.
361
-
67
)
REILLY, R. E. AND GREEN, H. E., 1974. Deer mortality on a Michigan interstate highway. J. Wildl. Manage. 38: 16-19.
,
Deer mortality on a Michigan interstate highway
,
J. Wildl. Manage.
, vol.
38
(pg.
16
-
19
)
ROBERTS, G., 1990. Dying out the big bird that cannot fly away. Sydney Morning Herald, 17/4/90: 1.
,
Dying out the big bird that cannot fly away
,
Sydney Morning Herald
pg.
1
ROBINSON, R., 1986. Rings of flowers. BioScience 36: 363-65.
,
Rings of flowers
,
BioScience
, vol.
36
(pg.
363
-
65
)
ROONEY, W. S., 1989. An environmental audit of the F3 Freeway: Wahroonga to Berowla, NSW. In Proceedings of National Environmental Engineering Conference Planning for Environmental Change. The Institute of Engineers: Australia.
,
An environmental audit of the F3 Freeway: Wahroonga to Berowla, NSW
ROST, G. R. AND BAILEY, J. A., 1979. Distribution of mule deer and elk in relation to roads. J. Wildl. Manage. 43: 634-41.
,
Distribution of mule deer and elk in relation to roads
,
J. Wildl. Manage.
, vol.
43
(pg.
634
-
41
)
RUSZ, P. J., PRINCE, H. H., RUSZ, R. D. AND DAWSON, G. A, 1986. Bird collisions with transmission lines near a power plant cooling pond. Wildl. Soc. Bull. 14: 441-44.
,
Bird collisions with transmission lines near a power plant cooling pond
,
Wildl. Soc. Bull.
, vol.
14
(pg.
441
-
44
)
RUTHERFORD, P. 1996a. VFT on collision course in Gippsland. Habitat 18: 16-19.
,
VFT on collision course in Gippsland
,
Habitat
, vol.
18
(pg.
16
-
19
)
RUTHERFORD, P. 1990b. VFT. Gippsland route could wipe out Potoroos. Conservation News 22: 7.
,
VFT. Gippsland route could wipe out Potoroos
,
Conservation News
, vol.
22
pg.
7
SALMON, S., 1989. Wog Way Road stopped. Conservation News 21:5.
,
Wog Way Road stopped
,
Conservation News
, vol.
21
pg.
5
SAMWAYS, M. J., 1989. Insect conservation and landscape ecology. a case history of bush crickets (Tettigoniidae) in Southern France. Environ. Conserv. 16: 217-26.
,
Insect conservation and landscape ecology. a case history of bush crickets (Tettigoniidae) in Southern France
,
Environ. Conserv.
, vol.
16
(pg.
217
-
26
)
SAUNDERS, D. A., ARNOLD, G. W., BURBIDGE, A. A. AND HOPKINS, A. J. M., 1987. Nature Conservation. The Role of Remnants of Native Vegetation. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Chipping Norton.
,
Nature Conservation. The Role of Remnants of Native Vegetation
SAUNDERS, D. A. (ed.), in press, to be published 1991. Nature Conservation (2). The Role of Corridors. Papers from the Busselton Workshop in 1989. Surrey Beatty & Sons: Chipping Norton.
SCHREIBER, R. K. AND GRAVES, J. H., 1977. Powerline corridors as possible barriers to the movements of small mammals. Am. Midl. Nat. 97: 504-08.
,
Powerline corridors as possible barriers to the movements of small mammals
,
Am. Midl. Nat.
, vol.
97
(pg.
504
-
08
)
SCOTT, K., 1988. R. C. S. President visits North Queensland. Liane 29: 27.
,
R. C. S. President visits North Queensland
,
Liane
, vol.
29
pg.
27
SHAFFER, M. L. AND SAMSON, F. B., 1985. Population size and extinction: a note on determining critical population sizes, Am. Nat. 125: 144-52.
,
Population size and extinction: a note on determining critical population sizes
,
Am. Nat.
, vol.
125
(pg.
144
-
52
)
SIMBERLOFF, D. AND COX, J., 1987. Consequences and costs of conservation corridors. Conserv. Biol. 1: 63-71.
,
Consequences and costs of conservation corridors
,
Conserv. Biol.
, vol.
1
(pg.
63
-
71
)
SINGER, F. J., 1978. Behavior of mountain goats in relation to U.S. Highway 2, Glacier National Park, Montana. J. Wildl. Manage. 42: 591-97.
,
Behavior of mountain goats in relation to U.S. Highway 2, Glacier National Park, Montana
,
J. Wildl. Manage.
, vol.
42
(pg.
591
-
97
)
SINGER, F. J. AND DOHERTY, J. L., 1985. Managing mountain goats at a highway crossing. Wild. Soc. Bull. 13: 469-77.
,
Managing mountain goats at a highway crossing
,
Wild. Soc. Bull.
, vol.
13
(pg.
469
-
77
)
SMITH, S. AND MULLER, C., 1988. Cassowary protection — what community concern can do. Ecotone8: 16-17.
,
Cassowary protection — what community concern can do
,
Ecotone
, vol.
8
(pg.
16
-
17
)
STEER, G. 1987. Tunnel of love. Aust. Geographic 5: 21-22.
,
Tunnel of love
,
Aust. Geographic
, vol.
5
(pg.
21
-
22
)
STOCKER, G. C. AND IRVINE, A. K., 1983. Seed dispersal by Cassowaries (Casuarius casuarius) in North Queensland's rainforests. Biotropica 15: 170-76.
,
Seed dispersal by Cassowaries (Casuarius casuarius) in North Queensland's rainforests
,
Biotropica
, vol.
15
(pg.
170
-
76
)
STOUT, I. J. AND CORNWELL, G. W., 1976. Nonhunting mortality of fledged North American wildfowl. J. Wildl. Manage. 40: 681-93
,
Nonhunting mortality of fledged North American wildfowl
,
J. Wildl. Manage.
, vol.
40
(pg.
681
-
93
)
SWIHART, R. K AND SLADE, N. A., 1984. Road crossing in Sigmodon hispidus and Microtus ochrogaster. J. Mamm. 65: 357-60.
,
Road crossing in Sigmodon hispidus and Microtus ochrogaster
,
J. Mamm.
, vol.
65
(pg.
357
-
60
)
TAYLOR, R. D. AND MARTIN, R. B., 1987. Effects of veterinary fences on wildlife conservation on Zimbabwe. Environm. Manage. 11: 327-34.
,
Effects of veterinary fences on wildlife conservation on Zimbabwe
,
Environm. Manage.
, vol.
11
(pg.
327
-
34
)
THEIL, R. P., 1985. Relationship between road densities and wolf habitat suitability in Wisconsin. Am. Midl. Nat 113: 404-07.
,
Relationship between road densities and wolf habitat suitability in Wisconsin
,
Am. Midl. Nat
, vol.
113
(pg.
404
-
07
)
VAN DER ZANDE, A. N., TER KEURS, W. J. AND VAN DER WEIJDEN, W. J., 1980. The impact of roads on the densities of four bird species in an open field habitat — evidence of a long-distance effect. Biol. Conserv. 18: 299-321.
,
The impact of roads on the densities of four bird species in an open field habitat — evidence of a long-distance effect
,
Biol. Conserv.
, vol.
18
(pg.
299
-
321
)
VAN DYKE, F. G., BROCKE, R. H., SHAW, H. G., ACKERMAN, B. B., HEMKER, T. P. AND LNDZEY, F. G., 1986a. Reactions of mountain lions to logging and human activity. J. Wildl. Manage. 50: 95-102
,
Reactions of mountain lions to logging and human activity
,
J. Wildl. Manage.
, vol.
50
(pg.
95
-
102
)
VAN DYKE, F. G., BROCKE, R. H. AND SHAW, H. G., 1986b. Use of road track counts as indices of mountain lion presence. J. Wildl. Mange. 50: 102-09.
,
Use of road track counts as indices of mountain lion presence
,
J. Wildl. Mange.
, vol.
50
(pg.
102
-
09
)
VASEK, F. C., JOHNSON, H. B. AND ESUNGER, D. H., 1975. Effects of power transmission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert. Madrono 23: 1-13.
,
Effects of power transmission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert
,
Madrono
, vol.
23
(pg.
1
-
13
)
VASEK, F. C., JOHNSON, H. B. AND BRUM, C. D., 1975. Effects of power transmission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert Madrone 23: 114-30.
,
Effects of power transmission lines on vegetation of the Mojave Desert
,
Madrone
, vol.
23
(pg.
114
-
30
)
VESTJENS, W. J. M., 1973. Wildlife mortality on a road in New South Wales. Emu 73: 107-112.
,
Wildlife mortality on a road in New South Wales
,
Emu
, vol.
73
(pg.
107
-
112
)
WHITCOMB, R. F., ROBBINS, C. S., LYNCH, J. F., WHITCOMB, B. C., KLIMKIEWICZ, M. K. AND BYSTRAK, D., 1981. Effects of forest fragmentation on avifauna of the Eastern Deciduous Forest. In Forest Island Dynamics in Man-Dominated Landscapes ed by R. L Burgess and D. M. Sharpe. Springer-Verlag: New York
,
Forest Island Dynamics in Man-Dominated Landscapes
WILCOX, B. A. AND MURPHY, D. D., 1985. Conservation strategy: the effects of fragmentation on extinction. Am. Nat. 125: 879-87.
,
Conservation strategy: the effects of fragmentation on extinction
,
Am. Nat.
, vol.
125
(pg.
879
-
87
)
WILLIAMSON, D. T. AND MBANO, B., 1988. Wildebeest mortality during 1983 at Lake Xau, Botswana. Af. J. Ecol. 26: 341-44.
,
Wildebeest mortality during 1983 at Lake Xau, Botswana
,
Af. J. Ecol.
, vol.
26
(pg.
341
-
44
)
WILLIAMSON, D., WILLIAMSON, J. AND NGWAMOTSOKO, K. T., 1988. Wildebeest migration in the Kalahari. Af J. Ecol. 26: 269-80.
,
Wildebeest migration in the Kalahari
,
Af J. Ecol.
, vol.
26
(pg.
269
-
80
)
YAHNER, R. H., 1988. Changes in wildlife communities near edges. Conserv. Biol. 2: 333-39.
,
Changes in wildlife communities near edges
,
Conserv. Biol.
, vol.
2
(pg.
333
-
39
)
YAHNER, R. H., MORRELL, T. E. AND RACHAEL, J. S., 1989. Effects of edge contrast on depredation of artificial avian nests. J. Wildl. Manage. 53: 1135-38.
,
Effects of edge contrast on depredation of artificial avian nests
,
J. Wildl. Manage.
, vol.
53
(pg.
1135
-
38
)
This content is only available as a PDF.