Based on new evidence (700 records), this paper provides a detailed account of the importation, release, occurrence, establishment, spread, and early impact on prey animals of the red fox, Vulpes vulpes, in Victoria and adjacent parts of south-eastern Australia. Foxes were imported to Victoria on at least nine occasions between 1845 and 1879, mainly for sporting purposes, and were released directly into the wild on at least five occasions between 1845 and 1873. Foxes may also have been bred in captivity, as some were exhibited at agricultural shows in 1869 and 1872. Releases in 1845 near Geelong and in about 1868 and 1871 near Ballarat did not persist. The prevalence of guns in the rural community, together with a culture of shooting animals for sport, and the broadscale deployment of poison to kill dingoes, feral dogs, and rabbits, apparently conspired to restrict the rapid establishment and spread of foxes across Victoria before 1880. The main point of successful establishment was in Werribee district, possibly in about 1874 (but definitely by 1878), and probably by the wealthy Chirnside family of Werribee Park. Foxes became conspicuously numerous between Geelong and Melbourne in 1878-79 and then dispersed. From 1882 foxes were often unbagged at hunt club meets, and some of these were able to elude the hounds of the pack as they gave chase. The increased availability of rabbits and hares, resulting from their earlier release and subsequent ineffectual control mechanisms, presumably favoured the survival and spread of foxes. Foxes were also translocated by some crop growers in an effort to combat rabbits and hares, though this is poorly documented. The dense forests of Gippsland impeded colonisation, so that Victoria was probably not entirely colonised until about 1900. Foxes reached the Adelaide district of South Australia in 1905 and the Queensland/ New South Wales border in 1907. Unintended consequences of the introduction of foxes were soon observed: killing of lambs and poultry by 1868; native birds by 1879; and native mammals by c. 1900.

Abbott, I. 2002. Origin and spread of the cat, Felis catus, on mainland Australia, with a discussion of the magnitude of its early impact on native fauna. Wildlife Research 29: 51-74.
Origin and spread of the cat, Felis catus, on mainland Australia, with a discussion of the magnitude of its early impact on native fauna
Wildlife Research
, vol. 
29
 (pg. 
51
-
74
)
Abbott, I. 2008a. Historical perspectives of the ecology of some conspicuous vertebrate species in south-west Western Australia. Conservation Science Western Australia 6 (3): 1-214.
Historical perspectives of the ecology of some conspicuous vertebrate species in south-west Western Australia
Conservation Science Western Australia
, vol. 
6
 (pg. 
1
-
214
)
Abbott, I. 2008b. The spread of the cat Felis catus, in Australia: Re-examination of the current conceptual model with additional information. Conservation Science Western Australia 7(1): 1-17.
The spread of the cat Felis catus, in Australia: Re-examination of the current conceptual model with additional information
Conservation Science Western Australia
, vol. 
7
 (pg. 
1
-
17
)
Allen, C.H. 1870. A Visit to Queensland and her Goldfields. Chapman and Hall, London.
A Visit to Queensland and her Goldfields
Anon. [= H.W. Wheelwright]. 1861. Bush Wanderings of a Naturalist; or Notes on the Field Sports and Fauna of Australia Felix. By an Old Bushman. Routledge, Warne, & Routledge, London.
Bush Wanderings of a Naturalist; or Notes on the Field Sports and Fauna of Australia Felix. By an Old Bushman
Anon. [= E. Ramsay-Laye]. 1861. Social Life and Manners in Australia being the Notes of Eight Years' Experience by a Resident. Longman, Green, Longman, and Roberts, London.
Social Life and Manners in Australia being the Notes of Eight Years' Experience by a Resident
Anon. 1864. Australia. The Times 13.2.1864: 5.
Anon. 1868. Untitled. The Times 2.12.1868: 6.
Anon. [= J.H. Kerr]. 1872. Glimpses of Life in Victoria by a Resident. Edmonston & Douglas, Edinburgh.
Glimpses of Life in Victoria by a Resident
Anon. [= ?D.E. McConnell]. 1885. Australian Etiquette, or the Rules and Usages of the Best Society in the Australasian Colonies, together with their Sports, Pastimes, Games, and Amusements. People's Publishing Company, Melbourne.
Australian Etiquette, or the Rules and Usages of the Best Society in the Australasian Colonies, together with their Sports, Pastimes, Games, and Amusements
Anon. 1886. Excursion to the You Yangs. Victorian Naturalist 3: 99-103.
Excursion to the You Yangs
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
3
 (pg. 
99
-
103
)
Anon. 1888. The Geelong district. Pp. 145-171 in Victoria and its Metropolis Past and Present. Volume 2A. The Colony and its People in 1888. McCarron, Bird & Co., Melbourne.
Victoria and its Metropolis Past and Present. Volume 2A. The Colony and its People in 1888
Anon. 1890. The pest of foxes in the country. Victorian Naturalist 7: 56.
The pest of foxes in the country
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
7
 pg. 
56
 
Anon. 1893a. Protection of insectivorous and native birds. Victorian Naturalist 9: 40-41.
Protection of insectivorous and native birds
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
9
 (pg. 
40
-
41
)
Anon. 1893b. Proposed gun tax. Victorian Naturalist 9: 49.
Proposed gun tax
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
9
 pg. 
49
 
Anon. 1893c. Permanent reservation of the Dandenong State Forest. Victorian Naturalist 10: 18-19.
Permanent reservation of the Dandenong State Forest
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
10
 (pg. 
18
-
19
)
Anon. 1894. The preservation of indigenous animals. Victorian Naturalist 11: 79-80.
The preservation of indigenous animals
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
11
 (pg. 
79
-
80
)
Anon. 1902. Foxes in Australasia. Journal of Agriculture and Industry of South Australia 5: 258.
Foxes in Australasia
Journal of Agriculture and Industry of South Australia
, vol. 
5
 pg. 
258
 
Anon. 1906. Foxes! Emu 5: 230-231.
Foxes!
Emu
, vol. 
5
 (pg. 
230
-
231
)
Anon. 1908. The ground or swamp parrakeet. Victorian Naturalist 25: 72.
The ground or swamp parrakeet
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
25
 pg. 
72
 
Anon. 1909. The fox and its victims: a serious situation. Victorian Naturalist 26: 56-59.
The fox and its victims: a serious situation
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
26
 (pg. 
56
-
59
)
Anon. 1921. Untitled. Nature 107: 53.
Untitled
Nature
, vol. 
107
 pg. 
53
 
Anon. 1935. History of Kyneton. Armstrong Bros, Kyneton.
History of Kyneton
Austin, T. P. 1918. The birds of the Cobbora district. Australian Zoologist 1: 109-137.
The birds of the Cobbora district
Australian Zoologist
, vol. 
1
 (pg. 
109
-
137
)
Baillieu, D. 1982. Australia Felix. A Miscellany from The Geelong Advertiser 1840-1850. Craftsman Press, Hawthorn Vic.
Australia Felix. A Miscellany from The Geelong Advertiser 1840-1850
Balfour, J.O. 1845. A Sketch of New South Wales. Smith, Elder, & Co., London.
A Sketch of New South Wales
Balmford, P. 1985. Newspapers as a source of information about natural history. Victorian Naturalist 102: 20-27.
Newspapers as a source of information about natural history
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
102
 (pg. 
20
-
27
)
Barrett, C. 1919. In Australian Wilds. The Gleanings of a Naturalist. Melbourne Publishing Company, Melbourne.
In Australian Wilds. The Gleanings of a Naturalist
Batey, I. 1883. The destruction of Australian game. The Australasian 16.6.1883: S4, 4.8.1883: S4-5, 18.8.1883: S4-5, 25.8.1883: S4-5, 1.9.1883: S4-5.
Batey, I. 1907. The animal-life of the Sunbury district sixty years ago. Victorian Naturalist 24: 69-74.
The animal-life of the Sunbury district sixty years ago
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
24
 (pg. 
69
-
74
)
Belcher, C.F. nd = 1914. The Birds of the District of Geelong, Australia. W.J. Griffiths, Geelong Vic.
The Birds of the District of Geelong, Australia
Blandowski, W. 1855. Personal observations made in an excursion towards the central parts of Victoria, including Mount Macedon, McIvor, and Black Ranges. Transactions of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria 1: 50-74.
Personal observations made in an excursion towards the central parts of Victoria, including Mount Macedon, McIvor, and Black Ranges
Transactions of the Philosophical Institute of Victoria
, vol. 
1
 (pg. 
50
-
74
)
Bonwick, J. 1856. Discovery and Settlement of Port Phillip… G. Robertson, Melbourne.
Discovery and Settlement of Port Phillip…
Bonwick, J. 1858. Western Victoria; Its Geography, Geology, and Social Condition. T. Brown, Geelong Vic.
Western Victoria; Its Geography, Geology, and Social Condition
Brenan, W.M. 1918. Foxes and plovers. Emu 18: 131.
Foxes and plovers
Emu
, vol. 
18
 pg. 
131
 
Bride, T.F. (ed) 1898. Letters from Victorian Pioneers… Government Printer, Melbourne. Pagination cited is from the edition prepared by C.E. Sayers and published in 1969 by Heinemann, Melbourne.
Letters from Victorian Pioneers…
Brown, P.L. (ed) 1959. Clyde Company Papers. I V. 1846-50. Oxford University Press, London.
Clyde Company Papers. I V. 1846-50
Brown, P.L. (ed) 1971. Clyde Company Papers. VII. Epilogue 1859-73. Oxford University Press, London.
Clyde Company Papers. VII. Epilogue 1859-73
Campbell, A.[G.] 1900. Field notes from the lower Wimmera. Victorian Naturalist 16: 149-158.
Field notes from the lower Wimmera
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
16
 (pg. 
149
-
158
)
Campbell, A.J. 1885a. The protection of our native birds. Southern Science Record and Magazine of Natural History 1 (3): 57-61.
The protection of our native birds
Southern Science Record and Magazine of Natural History
, vol. 
1
 (pg. 
57
-
61
)
Campbell, A.J. 1885b. Mallee hens and their egg mounds. Victorian Naturalist 1: 124-129.
Mallee hens and their egg mounds
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
1
 (pg. 
124
-
129
)
Campbell, A.J. 1893-1900. Some Australian birds. The Australasian 15.7.1893: 120, 19.8.1893: 337, 2.12.1893: 1001, 13.1.1894: 80, 20.7.1895: 123-4, 14.3.1896: 501, 5.12.1896: 1121, 29.5.1897: 1080, 29.4.1899: 926.
Campbell, A.J. nd =1900. Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds. The author, Sheffield.
Nests and Eggs of Australian Birds
Campbell, A.J. 1913. A Commonwealth collection. Emu 13: 65-74.
A Commonwealth collection
Emu
, vol. 
13
 (pg. 
65
-
74
)
Chisholm, E.C. 1925. The principal fauna of the Comboyne Plateau. Australian Zoologist 4: 54-74.
The principal fauna of the Comboyne Plateau
Australian Zoologist
, vol. 
4
 (pg. 
54
-
74
)
Clark, I.D. (ed) 2000. The Journals of George Augustus Robinson, Chief Protector, Port Phillip Aboriginal Protectorate, Volume One: 1 January 1839-30 September 1840. Heritage Matters, Ballarat Vic.
The Journals of George Augustus Robinson, Chief Protector, Port Phillip Aboriginal Protectorate, Volume One: 1 January 1839-30 September 1840
Clarke, M. 1995. Clarke of Rupertswood 1831-1897. The Life and Times of William John Clarke, First Baronet of Rupertswood. Australian Scholarly Publishing, Collingwood Vic.
Clarke of Rupertswood 1831-1897. The Life and Times of William John Clarke, First Baronet of Rupertswood
Committee of the South Gippsland Pioneers' Association. 1920. The Land of the Lyre Bird… Gordon and Gotch, Melbourne [Reprinted 1972 by Shire of Korumburra].
Cook, L.C. 1916. Notes on the lyre-bird at Poowong, South Gippsland. Emu 16: 101-103.
Notes on the lyre-bird at Poowong, South Gippsland
Emu
, vol. 
16
 (pg. 
101
-
103
)
Cotton, J. 1849. A list of birds which frequent the upper portion of the River Goulburn, in the district of Port Phillip, New South Wales. Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science, Agriculture, Statistics &c 3: 361-365.
A list of birds which frequent the upper portion of the River Goulburn, in the district of Port Phillip, New South Wales
Tasmanian Journal of Natural Science, Agriculture, Statistics &c
, vol. 
3
 (pg. 
361
-
365
)
Craig, A.F. (ed) 1908. Diary of a Naturalist being the Record of Three Years' Work Collecting Specimens in the South of France and Australia (1873-1877). J. & R. Parlane, Paisley.
Diary of a Naturalist being the Record of Three Years' Work Collecting Specimens in the South of France and Australia (1873-1877)
Daley, C. 1924. Excursion to the national park, Wilson's Promontory. Victorian Naturalist 40: 212-220.
Excursion to the national park, Wilson's Promontory
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
40
 (pg. 
212
-
220
)
Daly, J.A. 1986. The Adelaide Hunt. A History of the Adelaide Hunt Club 1840-1986. Adelaide Hunt Club, Adelaide.
The Adelaide Hunt. A History of the Adelaide Hunt Club 1840-1986
Dawson, J. 1881. Australian Aborigines. The Languages and Customs of several Tribes of Aborigines in the Western District of Victoria, Australia. Robertson, Melbourne.
Australian Aborigines. The Languages and Customs of several Tribes of Aborigines in the Western District of Victoria
de Courcy, C. 2003. Evolution of a Zoo. A History of Melbourne Zoological Gardens 1857-1900. Quiddlers Press, Auburn Vic.
Evolution of a Zoo. A History of Melbourne Zoological Gardens 1857-1900
De Serville, P. 1980. Port Phillip Gentlemen and Good Society in Melbourne before the Gold Rushes. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
Port Phillip Gentlemen and Good Society in Melbourne before the Gold Rushes
Editor 1891. The fox, Vulpes vulgaris. Zoologist 15 (series 3): 321-334.
The fox
Vulpes vulgaris. Zoologist
, vol. 
15
 (pg. 
321
-
334
)
Edwards, P.D. and Joyce, R.B. (ed) 1967. Anthony Trollope Australia. University of Queensland Press, St Lucia Qld.
Anthony Trollope Australia
Elliott, E.A. 1908. Proposed introduction of lyre-birds into Tasmania. Emu 8: 111-112.
Proposed introduction of lyre-birds into Tasmania
Emu
, vol. 
8
 (pg. 
111
-
112
)
Emilsen, W.W. 1999. The Goldfields Journal of William Diaper (Alias “Cannibal Jack”), 1851-1853. Hesperian Press, Carlisle WA.
The Goldfields Journal of William Diaper (Alias “Cannibal Jack”), 1851-1853
Evans, W. (ed) 1975. Diary of a Welsh Swagman 1869-1894. Macmillan, South Melbourne Vic.
Diary of a Welsh Swagman 1869-1894
Feuerheerdt, E. 1901. Foxes. Journal of Agriculture and Industry of South Australia 4: 1021.
Foxes
Journal of Agriculture and Industry of South Australia
, vol. 
4
 pg. 
1021
 
Freely, J.A. 1976. Index to The Argus 1846-1854. Library Council of Victoria, Melbourne.
Index to The Argus 1846-1854
Freely, J.A. 1987. Index to The Argus 1855-1859. Library Council of Victoria, Melbourne.
Index to The Argus 1855-1859
French, C. 1893. A Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria, with Notes on Methods to be adopted to check and extirpate them. Part 2. Government Printer, Melbourne.
A Handbook of the Destructive Insects of Victoria, with Notes on Methods to be adopted to check and extirpate them
Froggatt, W.W. 1906. The aims and usefulness of field naturalists' societies. Australian Naturalist 1: 4-8.
The aims and usefulness of field naturalists' societies
Australian Naturalist
, vol. 
1
 (pg. 
4
-
8
)
Froggatt, W.W. 1913. A century of civilisation from a zoologist's point of view. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 38: 15-42.
A century of civilisation from a zoologist's point of view
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales
, vol. 
38
 (pg. 
15
-
42
)
Froggatt, W.W. 1917. The destruction of bird life in Australia. Australian Zoologist 1: 75-79.
The destruction of bird life in Australia
Australian Zoologist
, vol. 
1
 (pg. 
75
-
79
)
Gabriel, J. 1919. On the destruction of mutton-birds and penguins at Phillip Island. Victorian Naturalist 35: 178-180.
On the destruction of mutton-birds and penguins at Phillip Island
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
35
 (pg. 
178
-
180
)
Game Act 1867. An Act to protect game. Act 31 Victoria No. 311. Parliament of Victoria, Melbourne.
An Act to protect game. Act 31 Victoria No. 311
Geelong Advertiser (variously titled) 1840-. Newspaper, dates as cited. Geelong, Victoria. [1840-45 available online at http://www.nla.gov.au/ferg/issn/14401398.html].
Gillbank, L.R. 1980. The Acclimatisation Society of Victoria. Victorian Historical Journal 51: 255-270.
The Acclimatisation Society of Victoria
Victorian Historical Journal
, vol. 
51
 (pg. 
255
-
270
)
Gould, J. 1845-1863. The Mammals of Australia. Volumes 1-3. The author, London.
The Mammals of Australia
Green, H. 1911. The fox and the fleas. Nature 86: 585.
The fox and the fleas
Nature
, vol. 
86
 pg. 
585
 
Hall, R. 1897. Notes on the bird fauna of the Box Hill district. Victorian Naturalist 14: 53-58.
Notes on the bird fauna of the Box Hill district
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
14
 (pg. 
53
-
58
)
Hall, R. 1898. A curious action of a fox. Victorian Naturalist 15: 32.
A curious action of a fox
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
15
 pg. 
32
 
Hall, R. 1900. Field notes on the house swallow and white-throated thickhead. Victorian Naturalist 17: 48-54.
Field notes on the house swallow and white-throated thickhead
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
17
 (pg. 
48
-
54
)
Hall, R. 1907. The Useful Birds of Southern Australia with Notes on other Birds. T.C. Lothian, Melbourne.
The Useful Birds of Southern Australia with Notes on other Birds
Hebb, I. 1970. The History of Colac and district. Hawthorn Press, Melbourne. (Originally published in The Colac Herald in 1888).
The History of Colac and district
Hine, F. 1934. The first fox. The Argus 15.9.1934: 4.
Hodgkinson, C. 1845. Australia from Port Macquarie to Moreton Bay… T. and W. Boone, London.
Australia from Port Macquarie to Moreton Bay…
Howitt, W. 1855. Land, Labour, and Gold; or, Two Years in Victoria… Longman, Brown, Green, & Longmans, London.
Land, Labour, and Gold; or, Two Years in Victoria…
Hoy, C.M. 1920. Untitled. Nature 105: 558.
Nature
, vol. 
105
 pg. 
558
 
Inglis, G. 1912. Sport and Pastime in Australia. Methuen, London.
Sport and Pastime in Australia
Jager. 1842. Hunting in South Australia. The South Australian Magazine 1(12): 477-478.
Hunting in South Australia
The South Australian Magazine
, vol. 
1(12)
 (pg. 
477
-
478
)
Jarman, P. 1986. The red fox - an exotic, large predator. Pp. 45-61 in The Ecology of Exotic Animals and Plants: Some Australian Case Studies, ed. R.L. Kitching. Wiley, Brisbane.
The Ecology of Exotic Animals and Plants: Some Australian Case Studies
(pg. 
45
-
61
)
Jones, H. 1994. The Bible of the Bush. Hamlyn Australia, Port Melbourne Vic.
The Bible of the Bush
Keartland, G.A. 1900. Birds of the Melbourne district. Pp. 76-121 in Handbook of Melbourne, ed. B. Spencer. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, Melbourne.
Handbook of Melbourne
(pg. 
76
-
121
)
Keartland, G.A. 1920. Some introduced animals. Victorian Naturalist 37: 97-100.
Some introduced animals
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
37
 (pg. 
97
-
100
)
Kelly, W. 1860. Life in Victoria… Chapman and Hall, London.
Life in Victoria…
Kershaw, J.A. 1906. Excursion to Wilson's Promontory. General zoology. Victorian Naturalist 22: 197-207.
Excursion to Wilson's Promontory. General zoology
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
22
 (pg. 
197
-
207
)
Kershaw, J.A. 1913. Excursion to the national park, Wilson's Promontory. General report. Victorian Naturalist 29: 163-173.
Excursion to the national park, Wilson's Promontory. General report
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
29
 (pg. 
163
-
173
)
Kershaw, J.A. 1917. The national park, Wilson's Promontory. Victorian Naturalist 34: 36.
The national park, Wilson's Promontory
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
34
 pg. 
36
 
Kiddle, M. 1961. Men of Yesterday: A Social History of the Western District of Victoria, 1834-1890. Melbourne University Press, Melbourne.
Men of Yesterday: A Social History of the Western District of Victoria, 1834-1890
Kinghorn, J.R. 1928. Presidential address. Faunal problems. Australian Zoologist 5: 205-216.
Presidential address. Faunal problems
Australian Zoologist
, vol. 
5
 (pg. 
205
-
216
)
Kitson, A.E. 1902. The common opossum, Trichosurus vulpecula, Ogilby. Victorian Naturalist 18: 143-144.
The common opossum, Trichosurus vulpecula, Ogilby
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
18
 (pg. 
143
-
144
)
Kitson, A.E. 1905. Foxes. Victorian Naturalist 22: 55.
Foxes
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
22
 pg. 
55
 
Krefft, G. 1866. On the vertebrated animals of the lower Murray and Darling, their habits, economy, and geographical distribution. Transactions of the Philosophical Society of New South Wales 1: 1-33.
On the vertebrated animals of the lower Murray and Darling, their habits, economy, and geographical distribution
Transactions of the Philosophical Society of New South Wales
, vol. 
1
 (pg. 
1
-
33
)
Land Act 1890. An Act to consolidate the laws relating to the sale and occupation of Crown lands, and for other purposes. Act 54 Victoria No. 1106, Parliament of Victoria, Melbourne.
Lane, C.G. nd = ?1912. Creature-life in Australian Wilds. H.J. Drane, London.
Creature-life in Australian Wilds
Leach, J.A. 1911. An Australian Bird Book. A Pocket Book for Field Use. Whitcombe & Tombs, Melbourne.
An Australian Bird Book. A Pocket Book for Field Use
Leach, J.A. 1922. Australian Nature Studies. A Book of Reference for those interested in Nature-study. Critchley Parker, Melbourne.
Australian Nature Studies. A Book of Reference for those interested in Nature-study
Learmonth, N.F. 1934. The Portland Bay Settlement being the History of Portland, Victoria from 1800 to 1851. Historical Committee of Portland, Portland.
The Portland Bay Settlement being the History of Portland, Victoria from 1800 to 1851
Le Souef, A.A.C. 1888. Notes on the fauna of Australia. Pp. 756-778 in Victoria and its Metropolis Past and Present. Volume 2B. The Colony and its People in 1888. McCarron, Bird & Co., Melbourne.
Victoria and its Metropolis Past and Present. Volume 2B. The Colony and its People in 1888
(pg. 
756
-
778
)
Le Souef, A.S. 1923. The Australian native animals. How they stand to-day, and the cause of the scarcity of certain species. Australian Zoologist 3: 108-111.
The Australian native animals. How they stand to-day, and the cause of the scarcity of certain species
Australian Zoologist
, vol. 
3
 (pg. 
108
-
111
)
Le Souef, A.S. and Burrell, H. 1926. The Wild Animals of Australasia embracing the Mammals of New Guinea & the nearer Pacific Islands. GG Harrap & Company, London.
The Wild Animals of Australasia embracing the Mammals of New Guinea & the nearer Pacific Islands
Le Souef, D. 1901. The effect of snow on eucalypt trees. Victorian Naturalist 18: 108-110.
The effect of snow on eucalypt trees
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
18
 (pg. 
108
-
110
)
Le Souëf, D. 1902. A forsaken rookery. Emu 2: 28.
A forsaken rookery
Emu
, vol. 
2
 pg. 
28
 
Le Souef, W.H.D. 1890. Acclimatisation in Victoria. Report of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science 2: 476-482.
Acclimatisation in Victoria
Report of the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science
, vol. 
2
 (pg. 
476
-
482
)
Le Souef, W.H.D. nd = 1907. Wild Life in Australia. Whitcombe and Tombs, Melbourne.
Wild Life in Australia
Le Souef, W.H.D. 1922. Official Guide to the Gardens of the Royal Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria. F.J. Lord and Son, Kensington Vic.
Official Guide to the Gardens of the Royal Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria
Legg, S.M. 2004. ‘Bunyips, battues and bears’: Wildlife portrayed in the popular press, Victoria 1839-1948. Pp. 150-174 in Conservation of Australia's Forest Fauna, ed. D. Lunney. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman NSW.
Conservation of Australia's Forest Fauna
(pg. 
150
-
174
)
Letnic, M., Koch, F., Gordon, C., Crowther, M.S. and Dickman, C.R. 2009. Keystone effects of an alien top-predator stem extinctions of native mammals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 276B: 3249-3256.
Keystone effects of an alien top-predator stem extinctions of native mammals
Proceedings of the Royal Society of London
, vol. 
276B
 (pg. 
3249
-
3256
)
Lever, C. 1992. They Dined on Eland. The Story of the Acclimatisation Societies. Quiller Press, London.
They Dined on Eland. The Story of the Acclimatisation Societies
Lewis, F. 1930. The future of our fauna. Victorian Naturalist 47: 76-82.
The future of our fauna
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
47
 (pg. 
76
-
82
)
Lucas, A.H.S. 1890. Zoology: Vertebrata. Pp. 56-73 in Handbook of Melbourne, ed. W.B. Spencer. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science, Melbourne.
Handbook of Melbourne
(pg. 
56
-
73
)
Lucas, A.H.S. 1897. On some facts in the geographical distribution of land and fresh-water vertebrates in Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 9: 34-53.
On some facts in the geographical distribution of land and fresh-water vertebrates in Victoria
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria
, vol. 
9
 (pg. 
34
-
53
)
Lucas, A.H.S. and Le Souëf, W.H.D. 1909. The Animals of Australia. Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians. Whitcombe and Tombs, Melbourne.
The Animals of Australia. Mammals, Reptiles and Amphibians
Lucas, A.H.S. and Le Souef, W.H.D. 1911. The Birds of Australia. Whitcombe and Tombs, Melbourne.
The Birds of Australia
Lunney, D. 1994. Royal Commission of 1901 on the western lands of New South Wales - an ecologist's summary. Pp. 221-240 in Future of the Fauna of Western New South Wales, ed. D. Lunney, S. Hand, P. Reed and D. Butcher. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW.
Future of the Fauna of Western New South Wales
(pg. 
221
-
240
)
Lunney, D. and Leary, T. 1988. The impact on native mammals of land-use changes and exotic species in the Bega district, New South Wales, since settlement. Australian Journal of Ecology 13: 67-92.
The impact on native mammals of land-use changes and exotic species in the Bega district, New South Wales, since settlement
Australian Journal of Ecology
, vol. 
13
 (pg. 
67
-
92
)
Macdonald, D. nd = 1887. Gum Boughs and Wattle Bloom, gathered on Australian Hills and Plains. Cassell & Company, London.
Gum Boughs and Wattle Bloom, gathered on Australian Hills and Plains
Macdonald, D. 1911. The Bush Boy's Book. S.J. Endacott, Brunswick West.
The Bush Boy's Book
Mallee Pastoral Leases Act 1883. An Act to regulate the pastoral occupation of the mallee country in the north-western district of Victoria. Act 47 Victoria No. 766, Parliament of Victoria, Melbourne.
McCoy, F. 1867. On the recent zoology and palaeontology of Victoria. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 20 (series 3): 175-202.
On the recent zoology and palaeontology of Victoria
Annals and Magazine of Natural History
, vol. 
20
 (pg. 
175
-
202
)
McCoy, F. 1885-1890. Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria; or, Figures and Descriptions of the Living Species of all Classes of the Victorian Indigenous Animals. Vols 1 and 2. Government Printer, Melbourne.
Prodromus of the Zoology of Victoria; or, Figures and Descriptions of the Living Species of all Classes of the Victorian Indigenous Animals
Menkhorst, P.W. ed. 1995. Mammals of Victoria. Distribution, Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
Mammals of Victoria. Distribution, Ecology and Conservation
Munro, C.. 1939. Our first foxes. The Argus 21.1.1939: 19
Murray, A.J., Poore, R.N. and Dexter, N. 2006. Project Deliverance - The response of ‘critical weight range’ mammals to effective fox control in mesic forest habitats in far East Gippsland, Victoria. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Melbourne.
Project Deliverance - The response of ‘critical weight range’ mammals to effective fox control in mesic forest habitats in far East Gippsland, Victoria
New South Wales Government Gazette (variously titled) 1832-. Dates as cited. Government Printer, Sydney.
North, A.J. 1901. The destruction of native birds in New South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum 4: 17-21.
The destruction of native birds in New South Wales
Records of the Australian Museum
, vol. 
4
 (pg. 
17
-
21
)
North, A.J. 1909a. On bird protection and bird destruction in New South Wales. Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales 20: 141-147.
On bird protection and bird destruction in New South Wales
Agricultural Gazette of New South Wales
, vol. 
20
 (pg. 
141
-
147
)
North, A.J. 1909b. Nests and Eggs of Birds found Breeding in Australia and Tasmania. Volume 2. Government Printer, Sydney.
Nests and Eggs of Birds found Breeding in Australia and Tasmania
North, A.J. 1913. Nests and Eggs of Birds found Breeding in Australia and Tasmania. Volume 4. Government Printer, Sydney.
Nests and Eggs of Birds found Breeding in Australia and Tasmania
North, A.J. 1916. The birds of Coolabah and Brewarrina, north-western New South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum 11: 121-162.
The birds of Coolabah and Brewarrina, north-western New South Wales
Records of the Australian Museum
, vol. 
11
 (pg. 
121
-
162
)
O'Donoghue, J.G. 1914. Notes on the Victorian lyre-bird, Menura victoriae, Gld. Victorian Naturalist 31: 11-20.
Notes on the Victorian lyre-bird, Menura victoriae, Gld
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
31
 (pg. 
11
-
20
)
Osbourne, R. 1887. The History of Warrnambool, Capital of the Western Ports of Victoria, from 1847…to the end of 1886. The Chronicle Printing and Publishing Company, Prahran Vic.
The History of Warrnambool, Capital of the Western Ports of Victoria, from 1847…to the end of 1886
Patterson, J.H. 1842. Proposed Plan for the Better Treatment of the Aborigines of Australia Felix. Facsimile in Randell, J.O. 1977. The Pastoral Pattersons. The History of Myles Patterson and his Descendants 1822 to 1976. Queensberry Hill Press, Carlton Vic.
Proposed Plan for the Better Treatment of the Aborigines of Australia Felix
Peake, L.W. 1905. The fox. Journal of Agriculture and Industry of South Australia 9: 181-183.
The fox
Journal of Agriculture and Industry of South Australia
, vol. 
9
 (pg. 
181
-
183
)
Port Phillip Gazette. 1838-1841. Newspaper, dates as cited. Melbourne. (Facsimile, 1979, S. Lansdown, Mona Vale NSW).
Protection of Animals Act 1881. An Act for the protection of animals. Act 45 Victoria No. 712, Parliament of Victoria, Melbourne.
Protection of Certain Animals Act 1865. An Act to provide for the protection of certain animals in New Zealand. Act 29 Victoria No. 57. Government Printer, Wellington.
Quinlan, L.M. 1967. Here My Home: The Life and Times of Captain John Hepburn, 1803-1860, Master Mariner, Overlander and Founder of Smeaton Hill, Victoria. Oxford University Press, Melbourne.
Here My Home: The Life and Times of Captain John Hepburn, 1803-1860, Master Mariner, Overlander and Founder of Smeaton Hill, Victoria
Rabbit Suppression Act 1880. An Act to provide for the suppression of rabbits. Act 44 Victoria No. 683, Parliament of Victoria, Melbourne.
Rabbit Suppression Act 1884. An Act to amend and continue the laws relating to the suppression of rabbits. Act 48 Victoria No. 813, Parliament of Victoria, Melbourne.
Randell, J.O. 1982. Pastoral Settlement in Northern Victoria. Volume 2. The Campaspe District. Chandos Publishing Co., Burwood Vic.
Pastoral Settlement in Northern Victoria. Volume 2. The Campaspe District
Ritchie, E.G. and Johnson, C.N. 2009. Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation. Ecology Letters 12: 982-998.
Predator interactions, mesopredator release and biodiversity conservation
Ecology Letters
, vol. 
12
 (pg. 
982
-
998
)
Rolls, E.C. 1969. They All Ran Wild. The Story of Pests on the Land in Australia. Angus and Robertson, Sydney. (Page numbers cited relate to the paperback edition published in 1977).
They All Ran Wild. The Story of Pests on the Land in Australia
Ronald, H.B. 1970. Hounds are Running. A History of the Melbourne Hunt. Lowden Publishing Co., Kilmore Vic.
Hounds are Running. A History of the Melbourne Hunt
Ronald, H.B. 1978. Wool Past the Winning Post. A History of the Chirnside Family. Landvale Enterprises, South Yarra Vic.
Wool Past the Winning Post. A History of the Chirnside Family
Saunders, G., Coman, B., Kinnear, J. and Braysher, M. 1995. Managing Vertebrate Pests: Foxes. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra.
Managing Vertebrate Pests: Foxes
Saunders, G., Lane, C., Harris, S. and Dickman, C. 2006. Foxes in Tasmania: A report on an incursion by an invasive species. Invasive Animals Cooperative Research Centre, Canberra. Online at http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au
Short, J. 1998. The extinction of rat-kangaroos (Marsupialia: Potoroidae) in New South Wales, Australia. Biological Conservation 86: 365-377.
The extinction of rat-kangaroos (Marsupialia: Potoroidae) in New South Wales, Australia
Biological Conservation
, vol. 
86
 (pg. 
365
-
377
)
Short, J. and Calaby, J.H. 2001. The status of Australian mammals in 1922 - collections and field notes of museum collector Charles Hoy. Australian Zoologist 31: 533-562.
The status of Australian mammals in 1922 - collections and field notes of museum collector Charles Hoy
Australian Zoologist
, vol. 
31
 (pg. 
533
-
562
)
Smith, J. (ed.) 1903-4. The Cyclopedia of Victoria (Illustrated). Volumes 1, 2. Cyclopedia Company, Melbourne.
The Cyclopedia of Victoria (Illustrated)
Smyth, R.B. 1878. The Aborigines of Victoria: With Notes relating to the Habits of the Natives of other Parts of Australia and Tasmania. Government Printer, Melbourne.
The Aborigines of Victoria: With Notes relating to the Habits of the Natives of other Parts of Australia and Tasmania
Southern Science Record (variously titled) 1880-1886. Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria, Melbourne.
Spencer, B. 1900. Notes on the land and fresh-water fauna of Victoria. Pp. 142-169 in Handbook of Melbourne, ed. B. Spencer. Australasian Association for the Advancement of Melbourne.
Handbook of Melbourne
(pg. 
142
-
169
)
Spencer, B. 1921. The necessity for an immediate and co-ordinated investigation into the land and fresh-water fauna of Australia and Tasmania. Victorian Naturalist 37: 120-122.
The necessity for an immediate and co-ordinated investigation into the land and fresh-water fauna of Australia and Tasmania
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
37
 (pg. 
120
-
122
)
Spencer, B. and French, C. 1889. Trip to Croajingolong. Victorian Naturalist 6: 1-38.
Trip to Croajingolong
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
6
 (pg. 
1
-
38
)
Steel, T. 1906. Presidential address. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 30: 605-634.
Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales
, vol. 
30
 (pg. 
605
-
634
)
Stephen, W.J. 1909. Foxes v. birds. Emu 9: 93.
Foxes v. birds
Emu
, vol. 
9
 pg. 
93
 
Stock and Brands Branch. 1888-1912. Annual Reports. Department of Mines and Agriculture. Variously published in Journals of the Legislative Council, Votes and Proceedings of the Legislative Assembly, and Joint Volumes of Papers presented to the Legislative Council and Legislative Assembly of New South Wales. Government Printer, Sydney.
Stodart, E. and Parer, I. 1988. Colonisation of Australia by the rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus (L.). CSIRO Division of Wildlife and Ecology Project Report No. 6.
Suter, G. 1999. Indexes to The Argus. 5 volumes (1860-1, 1862-3, 1864-5, 1866-7, 1868-9). Argus Index Project, Melbourne.
Sutton, J. 1935. Acclimatization in South Australia. South Australian Ornithologist 13: 92-103.
Acclimatization in South Australia
South Australian Ornithologist
, vol. 
13
 (pg. 
92
-
103
)
Tasmanian Department of Primary Industries and Water 2008. Foxes in Tasmania. Online at http://www.dpiw.tas.gov.au/ inter.nsf/ThemeNodes/LBUN-5K438G [accessed 1.10.2008].
Taylor, J.E. 1886. Our Island-Continent: A Naturalist's Holiday in Australia. Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, London.
Our Island-Continent: A Naturalist's Holiday in Australia
The Advertiser 1889-. Newspaper, dates as cited. Adelaide. Online at http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/
The Argus (variously titled) 1846-1957. Newspaper, dates as cited. Melbourne. Online at http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/
The Australasian 1864-1946. Newspaper, dates as cited. Melbourne.
The Camperdown Chronicle 1877-. Newspaper, dates as cited. Camperdown, Victoria. Online at http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/
The Courier-Mail (variously titled) 1846-. Newspaper, dates as cited. Brisbane. Online at http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/
The Port Phillip Herald (variously titled) 1840-. Newspaper, dates as cited. Melbourne. Online at http://www.paperofrecord.com/search_paper_advanced_results.asp
The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser 1803-1842. Newspaper, dates as cited. Sydney. Online at http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/
The Sydney Morning Herald (variously titled) 1831-. Newspaper, dates as cited. Sydney. Online at http://ndpbeta.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/
The Times 1788-. Newspaper, dates as cited. London. Online at http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/archive/
Twopeny, R.E.N. 1883. Town Life in Australia. Elliot Stock, London.
Town Life in Australia
Vermin Destruction Act 1889. An Act to provide for the destruction and suppression of rabbits and other vermin. Act 53 Victoria No. 1028, Parliament of Victoria, Melbourne.
Vermin-Proof Fencing Commission. 1893. Report, Minutes of Proceedings, Evidence, and Appendices. Government Printer, Adelaide.
Victoria Government Gazette 1851-. Dates as cited. Government Printer, Melbourne.
Victoria Parliamentary Debates 1866-. Dates as cited. Government Printer, Melbourne.
Victorian Naturalist 1884-. Field Naturalists' Club of Victoria. Volumes 1-57 (1884-1941) searched.
Wakefield, N.A. 1954. The rediscovery of the rock-wallaby in Victoria. Victorian Naturalist 70: 202-206.
The rediscovery of the rock-wallaby in Victoria
Victorian Naturalist
, vol. 
70
 (pg. 
202
-
206
)
Weidenhofer, M. ed. 1967. Garryowen's Melbourne. A Selection from the Chronicles of early Melbourne, 1835 to 1852, by Garryowen. Nelson, Melbourne.
Garryowen's Melbourne. A Selection from the Chronicles of early Melbourne, 1835 to 1852, by Garryowen
Westgarth, W. 1848. Australia Felix… Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.
Australia Felix…
White, H.L. 1917. Kangaroos in captivity. Australian Zoologist 1: 83-84.
Kangaroos in captivity
Australian Zoologist
, vol. 
1
 (pg. 
83
-
84
)
Wilson, E. 1860. The distribution of animals. The Times 29.8.1860: 11.
Wilson, E. 1862. Acclimatization. The Times 21.6.1862: 14.
Wilson, E. 1863. Distribution of animals. The Times 30.4.1863: 14.
Wood Jones, F. 1925. The Mammals of South Australia. Part III. Government Printer, Adelaide.
The Mammals of South Australia. Part III
Zoological and Acclimatisation Society of Victoria 1872. List of animals and birds… Proceedings 1: 25
List of animals and birds…
Proceedings
, vol. 
1
 pg. 
25
 
This content is only available as a PDF.