Historically, most people have tended to visit national parks for ‘rest, relaxation and reinvigoration’, typically resulting in moderate ecological impacts. However, increasingly, recreation in natural areas is including ‘adventure’ sports. One such recreation/sport that now incorporates a range of forms, including adventure derivatives, is mountain biking. In the more extreme forms, riders use extensive trials, often with steep segments and natural or human-made obstacles demonstrate technical skills (e.g., balance, calculated risk-taking, excitement, speed). Appreciation of the natural environment is seldom, if ever, a reason for participation. In this paper we consider the potential for impact on the fauna of national parks. While there is a dearth of information on the impact of mountain biking, we conclude that park management needs to be strategic in their consideration of the issues associated with mountain biking or the outcome will be further degradation of natural areas and, at the least, loss of many animals if not major threats to populations.

fauna management, adventure sports, native animals, environmental impact, bike trails, natural area, visitor attitudes
Anderson, L. and Burgin, S. 2002. The influence of woodland remnant edges on small skinks (Richmond, New South Wales) Austral Ecology 27: 630-637.
The influence of woodland remnant edges on small skinks (Richmond, New South Wales)
, 
Austral Ecology
, vol. 
27
 (pg. 
630
-
637
)
Anderson, L. and Burgin, S. 2008. Patterns of bird predation on reptiles in small woodland remnant edges in peri-urban north-western Sydney, Australia. Landscape Ecology 23: 1039-1047.
Patterns of bird predation on reptiles in small woodland remnant edges in peri-urban north-western Sydney, Australia
, 
Landscape Ecology
, vol. 
23
 (pg. 
1039
-
1047
)
Baker, T. and Simon, J. 2002. Embracing risk. Pp. 1-25 in Embracing Risk: The Changing Culture of Insurance and Responsibility edited by T. Baker and J. Simon. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
, 
Embracing Risk: The Changing Culture of Insurance and Responsibility
(pg. 
1
-
25
)
Barnett J.L., How R.A. and Humphreys W.F. 1978. The use of habitat components by small mammals in eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 3: 277-285.
The use of habitat components by small mammals in eastern Australia
, 
Australian Journal of Ecology
, vol. 
3
 (pg. 
277
-
285
)
Baur A. and Baur B. 1990. Are roads barriers to dispersal in the land snail Arianta arbustorum? Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 613-617.
Are roads barriers to dispersal in the land snail Arianta arbustorum?
, 
Canadian Journal of Zoology
, vol. 
68
 (pg. 
613
-
617
)
Beeton, S. 1999. Hoofing it - on four or two feet? Managing multi-trails and sites. Current Issues in Tourism 2: 211-225.
Hoofing it - on four or two feet? Managing multi-trails and sites
, 
Current Issues in Tourism
, vol. 
2
 (pg. 
211
-
225
)
Bejder, L., Samuels, A., Whitehead, H., Gales, N., Manns, J., Conner, R., Heithaus, M., Watson-Capps, J., Flaherty, C. and Krützen, M. 2006. Decline in Relative Abundance of Bottlenose Dolphins Exposed to Long-Term Disturbance. Conservation Biology 20: 1791-1798.
Decline in Relative Abundance of Bottlenose Dolphins Exposed to Long-Term Disturbance
, 
Conservation Biology
, vol. 
20
 (pg. 
1791
-
1798
)
Bradshaw, G. 2006.The Australian Bicycle Industry Report 2006. Bicycle Industries Australia. Graphyte Media Pty Ltd, Melbourne.
Brown, I. D. 1989. Managing for adventure recreation. Australian Parks and Recreation 25: 37-40.
Managing for adventure recreation
, 
Australian Parks and Recreation
, vol. 
25
 (pg. 
37
-
40
)
Brown, G.P., Phillips, B.L. Webb, J.K. and Shine, R. 2006. Toad on the road: use of roads as dispersal corridors by cane toads (Bufo marinus) at an invasion front in tropical Australia. Biological Conservation 133: 88-94.
Toad on the road: use of roads as dispersal corridors by cane toads (Bufo marinus) at an invasion front in tropical Australia
, 
Biological Conservation
, vol. 
133
 (pg. 
88
-
94
)
Buckley, R.C., Pickering, C.M. and Warnken, J. 1999. Environmental management for alpine tourism and resorts in Australia. Pp. 27-46 in Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions edited by P.M. Godde, M.F. Price and F.M. Zimmermann, CABI Publishing, New York.
, 
Tourism and Development in Mountain Regions
(pg. 
27
-
46
)
Burgin, S. and Brainwood, M. 2008. Comparison of road kills in peri-urban and regional areas of New South Wales (Australia) and factors influencing deaths. Too close for comfort: Contentious issues in human-wildlife encounters edited by D. Lunney, A. Munn and W. Meikle. Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, Pp 137-144.
, 
Too close for comfort: Contentious issues in human-wildlife encounters
(pg. 
137
-
144
)
Burnett S.E. 1992. Effects of a rainforest road on movements of small mammals: mechanisms and implications. Wildlife Research 19: 95-104.
Effects of a rainforest road on movements of small mammals: mechanisms and implications
, 
Wildlife Research
, vol. 
19
 (pg. 
95
-
104
)
Carnicelli-Filho, S., Schwartz, G. M. and Tahara, A.K. 2010. Fear and adventure tourism in Brazil. Tourism Management 31: 953-956.
Fear and adventure tourism in Brazil
, 
Tourism Management
, vol. 
31
 (pg. 
953
-
956
)
Cassirer, E.F., Freddy, D.J. and Ables, E.D. 1992. Elk responses to disturbance by cross-country skiers in Yellowstone National Park. Wildlife Society Bulletin 20: 375-381.
Elk responses to disturbance by cross-country skiers in Yellowstone National Park
, 
Wildlife Society Bulletin
, vol. 
20
 (pg. 
375
-
381
)
Catling P.C. and Burt R.J. 1995. Why are red foxes absent from some Eucalypt Forests in eastern New South Wales? Wildlife Research 22: 535-546.
Why are red foxes absent from some Eucalypt Forests in eastern New South Wales?
, 
Wildlife Research
, vol. 
22
 (pg. 
535
-
546
)
Cessford, G. 1995.Off-Road Mountain Biking: A Profile of Participants and their Recreation Setting and Experience Preferences. Department of Conservation, Auckland.
, 
Off-Road Mountain Biking: A Profile of Participants and their Recreation Setting and Experience Preferences
Chiu, L. and Kriwoken, L. 2003. Managing recreational mountain biking in Wellington Park, Tasmania, Australia. Annals of Leisure Research 6: 339-361.
Managing recreational mountain biking in Wellington Park, Tasmania, Australia
, 
Annals of Leisure Research
, vol. 
6
 (pg. 
339
-
361
)
Davies, C. and Newsome, D. 2009.Mountain Bike Activity in Natural Areas: Impacts, Assessment and Implications for Management. A Case Study from John Forrest National Park, Western Australia. Technical Report Series, CRC for Sustainable Tourism, Queensland, Australia. http://www.crctourism.com.au/bookshop/SearchResult.aspx?c=8. [Accessed 23 October 2012]. http://www.crctourism.com.au/bookshop/SearchResult.aspx?c=8
Donaldson A. and Bennett, A. 2004. Implications for the Internal Fragmentation of Australian Parks and Reserves. Technical Paper Series No 12, Parks Victoria, Melbourne.
Esteban, F.-J., Zollner, P.A., LeBlanc, C., Westphal, L.M. 2007. Responses of nestling black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) to aquatic and terrestrial recreational activities: a manipulative study. Waterbirds 30: 554-565.
Responses of nestling black-crowned night herons (Nycticorax nycticorax) to aquatic and terrestrial recreational activities: a manipulative study
, 
Waterbirds
, vol. 
30
 (pg. 
554
-
565
)
Ewert, A., Attarian, A., Hollenhorst, S., Russell, K. and Voight, A. 2006. Evolving adventure pursuits on public lands: emerging challenges for management and public policy. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 24: 125-140.
Evolving adventure pursuits on public lands: emerging challenges for management and public policy
, 
Journal of Park and Recreation Administration
, vol. 
24
 (pg. 
125
-
140
)
Ewert A. and Hollenhorst, S. 1994. Individual and setting attributes of the adventure recreation experience. Leisure Sciences 16: 177-191.
Individual and setting attributes of the adventure recreation experience
, 
Leisure Sciences
, vol. 
16
 (pg. 
177
-
191
)
Faulks, P., Ritchie, B., Brown, G. and Beeton, S. 2008.Cycle Tourism and South Australia Destination Marketing. [online] CRC for Sustainable Tourism, Queensland, Australia. ISBN 9781920965495. http://www.crctourism.com.au/bookshop/SearchResult.aspx. [Accessed 23 October 2012]. http://www.crctourism.com.au/bookshop/SearchResult.aspx
Ford, A.T. and Fahrig, L. 2008. Movement patterns of eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) near roads. Journal of Mammalogy 89: 895-903.
Movement patterns of eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus) near roads
, 
Journal of Mammalogy
, vol. 
89
 (pg. 
895
-
903
)
Gajda, M.S. 2008.U.K. mountain biking tourism - an analysis of participant characteristics, travel patterns and motivations in the context of activity and adventure tourism. M.Sc thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, Scotland.
Goeft, U. and Alder, J. 2001. Sustainable mountain biking: a case study from the southwest of Western Australia. Journal of Sustainable Tourism 9: 193-211.
Sustainable mountain biking: a case study from the southwest of Western Australia
, 
Journal of Sustainable Tourism
, vol. 
9
 (pg. 
193
-
211
)
Green, D.M. 1998. Recreational impacts on erosion and runoff in a central Arizona riparian area. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 53: 38-42.
Recreational impacts on erosion and runoff in a central Arizona riparian area
, 
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
, vol. 
53
 (pg. 
38
-
42
)
Green, D. 2003.Travel Patterns of Destination Mountain Bikers. [Online]. Available from: http://www.imba.com/resources/science/travel_patterns.html. [Accessed 23rd October 2012]. http://www.imba.com/resources/science/travel_patterns.html
Groom, J.D., McKinney, L.B., Ball, L.C. and Winchell, C.S. 2007. Quantifying off-highway vehicle impacts on density and survival of a threatened dune-endemic plant. Biological Conservation 135: 119-134.
Quantifying off-highway vehicle impacts on density and survival of a threatened dune-endemic plant
, 
Biological Conservation
, vol. 
135
 (pg. 
119
-
134
)
Hall, T.E., Seekamp, E. and Cole, D.N. 2010. Do recreation motivations and wilderness involvement relate to support for wilderness management? A segmentation analysis. Leisure Sciences 32: 109-124.
Do recreation motivations and wilderness involvement relate to support for wilderness management? A segmentation analysis
, 
Leisure Sciences
, vol. 
32
 (pg. 
109
-
124
)
Hanley, N., Alvarez-Farizo, B. and Shaw, W.D. 2002. Rationing an open-access resource: mountaineering in Scotland. Land Use Policy 19: 167-176.
Rationing an open-access resource: mountaineering in Scotland
, 
Land Use Policy
, vol. 
19
 (pg. 
167
-
176
)
Hardiman, N. and Burgin, S. 2010a. The efficacy of the freshwater crayfish Euasiacus spinifer as an environmental indicator of the impacts of canyoners in the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area, Australia. Journal of Crustacean Biology 30: 771-778.
The efficacy of the freshwater crayfish Euasiacus spinifer as an environmental indicator of the impacts of canyoners in the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area, Australia
, 
Journal of Crustacean Biology
, vol. 
30
 (pg. 
771
-
778
)
Hardiman, N. and Burgin, S. 2010b. Visitor impacts and canyon management in the Blue Mountains, Australia: canyoners’ perspectives and wilderness management. Managing Leisure 15: 264-278.
Visitor impacts and canyon management in the Blue Mountains, Australia: canyoners’ perspectives and wilderness management
, 
Managing Leisure
, vol. 
15
 (pg. 
264
-
278
)
Hardiman, N., and Burgin, S. 2011a. Canyoning adventure recreation in the Blue Mountains World Heritage Area (Australia): The canyoners and canyoning trends over the last decade, Tourism Management 32: 1324-1331.
Canyoning adventure recreation in the Blue Mountains World Heritage Area (Australia): The canyoners and canyoning trends over the last decade
, 
Tourism Management
, vol. 
32
 (pg. 
1324
-
1331
)
Hardiman, N. and Burgin, S. 2011b. Effects of trampling on in-stream macroinvertebrate communities from canyoning activity in the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area. Wetlands Ecology and Management 19: 61-71.
Effects of trampling on in-stream macroinvertebrate communities from canyoning activity in the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area
, 
Wetlands Ecology and Management
, vol. 
19
 (pg. 
61
-
71
)
Hardiman, N. and Burgin. S. 2011c. Comparison of stream macroinvertebrate assemblages in canyon ecosystems of the Blue Mountains (Australia) with and without recreational traffic. Australian Zoologist 35: 757-769.
Comparison of stream macroinvertebrate assemblages in canyon ecosystems of the Blue Mountains (Australia) with and without recreational traffic
, 
Australian Zoologist
, vol. 
35
 (pg. 
757
-
769
)
Hawes, M. 1997.Environmental Impacts and Management Implications of the 1997 National Mountain Bike Championships. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Canberra.
, 
Environmental Impacts and Management Implications of the 1997 National Mountain Bike Championships
Heesch, K., Garard, J. and Sahlqvist, S. 2010. What factors are associated with cyclists getting injured? Correlates of cyclist injuries in Queensland. In 2010 Australasian Road Safety Research, Policing and Education Conference, 31 August - 3 September, 2010, National Convention Centre, Canberra.
, 
What factors are associated with cyclists getting injured? Correlates of cyclist injuries in Queensland
Hendricks, W.W., Ramthun, R., and Chavez, D.J. 2001. The effects of persuasive message source and content on mountain bicyclists’ adherence to trail guidelines. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 19: 38-61.
The effects of persuasive message source and content on mountain bicyclists’ adherence to trail guidelines
, 
Journal of Park and Recreation Administration
, vol. 
19
 (pg. 
38
-
61
)
HSMBA undated. Hornsby Shire Mountain Biking Alliance. http://hsmba.info/ [Accessed 23rd October 2012]. http://hsmba.info/
IFSC 2010.International Federation of Sport Climbing. http://www.ifsc-climbing.org [Accessed 23rd October 2012]. http://www.ifsc-climbing.org
IMBA 2010. International Mountain Bicycling Association. http://www.imba.com [Accessed 23rd October 2012]. http://www.imba.com
Jones, C.D. 2000. Road upgrade, road mortality and remedial measures: impacts on a population of eastern quolls and Tasmanian devils. Wildlife Research 27: 289-296.
Road upgrade, road mortality and remedial measures: impacts on a population of eastern quolls and Tasmanian devils
, 
Wildlife Research
, vol. 
27
 (pg. 
289
-
296
)
Jones, C.D. 2004. Evaluating visual impacts of near-view rock climbing scenes. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 22: 39-49.
Evaluating visual impacts of near-view rock climbing scenes
, 
Journal of Park and Recreation Administration
, vol. 
22
 (pg. 
39
-
49
)
Knight, E.H. and Fox, B.J. 2000. Does habitat structure mediate the effects of forest fragmentation and human-induced disturbance on the abundance of Antechinus stuartii? Australian Journal of Zoology 48: 577-595.
Does habitat structure mediate the effects of forest fragmentation and human-induced disturbance on the abundance of Antechinus stuartii?
, 
Australian Journal of Zoology
, vol. 
48
 (pg. 
577
-
595
)
Knight, R.L. and Cole, D.N. 1995. Wildlife responses to recreationists. Pp. 51-70 in Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence through Management and Research edited by R.L. Knight and K.J. Gutzwiller, Island Press, Washington DC.
, 
Wildlife and Recreationists: Coexistence through Management and Research
(pg. 
51
-
70
)
Koepke, J. 2005.Exploring the Market Potential for Yukon Mountain Bike Tourism. http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/pdf/PotentialforMtnBikeTourisminYT2004.pdf [Accessed 23rd October 2012]. http://www.tc.gov.yk.ca/pdf/PotentialforMtnBikeTourisminYT2004.pdf
Kovacs, K.M. and Innes, S. 1990. The impact of tourism on harp seals (Ploca groenlandica) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 26: 15-26.
The impact of tourism on harp seals (Ploca groenlandica) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada
, 
Applied Animal Behaviour Science
, vol. 
26
 (pg. 
15
-
26
)
Lathrop, J. 2003. Ecological impacts of mountain biking: a critical literature review, June 2003, Wildlands CPC, Pp. 1-5 http://www.wildlandscpr.org/ecological-impactsmountain-biking-critical-literature-review [Accessed 23rd October 2012]. http://www.wildlandscpr.org/ecological-impactsmountain-biking-critical-literature-review
Leberman, S. and Mason, P. 2000. Mountain biking in the Manawatu Region: participants, perceptions, and management dimensions. New Zealand Geographer 56: 30-38.
Mountain biking in the Manawatu Region: participants, perceptions, and management dimensions
, 
New Zealand Geographer
, vol. 
56
 (pg. 
30
-
38
)
Leung, Y., Marion, J.L. 1996. Trail degradation as influenced by environmental factors: a state-of-the-knowledge review. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 51: 130-136.
Trail degradation as influenced by environmental factors: a state-of-the-knowledge review
, 
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation
, vol. 
51
 (pg. 
130
-
136
)
Lunney, D., Matthews, A., Moon, C. and Turbill, J. 2002. Achieving fauna conservation on private land: reflections on a ten-year project. Ecological Management and Restoration 3: 90-96.
Achieving fauna conservation on private land: reflections on a ten-year project
, 
Ecological Management and Restoration
, vol. 
3
 (pg. 
90
-
96
)
Lynn, N.A. and Brown, R.D. 2003. Effects of recreational use impacts on hiking experiences in natural areas. Landscape and Urban Planning 63: 77-87.
Effects of recreational use impacts on hiking experiences in natural areas
, 
Landscape and Urban Planning
, vol. 
63
 (pg. 
77
-
87
)
Mader H.J. 1984. Animal habitat isolation by roads and agricultural fields. Biological Conservation 29: 81-96.
Animal habitat isolation by roads and agricultural fields
, 
Biological Conservation
, vol. 
29
 (pg. 
81
-
96
)
Mader H.J., Schell C. and Kornacker P. 1990. Linear barriers to arthropod movements in the landscape. Biological Conservation 54: 209-222.
Linear barriers to arthropod movements in the landscape
, 
Biological Conservation
, vol. 
54
 (pg. 
209
-
222
)
Mann, J., Connor, R.C., Barre, L.M. and Heithaus, M.R. 2000. Female reproductive success in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.): life history, habitat, provisioning, and group-size effects. Behavioural Ecology 11: 210-219.
Female reproductive success in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp.): life history, habitat, provisioning, and group-size effects
, 
Behavioural Ecology
, vol. 
11
 (pg. 
210
-
219
)
Martin, S. R., McCool, S. F. and Lucas, R. C. 1989. Wilderness campsite impacts: do managers and visitors see them the same? Environmental Management 13: 623-629.
Wilderness campsite impacts: do managers and visitors see them the same?
, 
Environmental Management
, vol. 
13
 (pg. 
623
-
629
)
MATC 2010.Mountain Biking in Moab. Moab Area Travel Council. http://www.discovermoab.com/biking.htm. [Accessed 23rd October 2012]. http://www.discovermoab.com/biking.htm
McClung, M.R., Seddon, P.J., Massaro, M. and Setiawan, N. 2004. Nature-based tourism impacts on yellow-eyed penguins Megadyptes antipodes: does unregulated visitor access affect fledging weight and juvenile survival? Biological Conservation 119: 279-285.
Nature-based tourism impacts on yellow-eyed penguins Megadyptes antipodes: does unregulated visitor access affect fledging weight and juvenile survival?
, 
Biological Conservation
, vol. 
119
 (pg. 
279
-
285
)
Miller, S.G., Knight, R.L. and Miller, C.K. 1998. Influence of recreational trails on breeding bird communities Ecological Applications 8: 162-169.
Influence of recreational trails on breeding bird communities
, 
Ecological Applications
, vol. 
8
 (pg. 
162
-
169
)
NBDA 2010. Leading bicycle retain to excellence. National Bicycle Dealers Association. http://nbda.com [Accessed 23rd October 2012]. http://nbda.com
Newsome, D., Milewski, A., Phillips, N. and Annear, R. 2002. Effects of horse riding on national parks and other natural ecosystems in Australia: implications for management. Journal of Ecotourism 1: 52-74.
Effects of horse riding on national parks and other natural ecosystems in Australia: implications for management
, 
Journal of Ecotourism
, vol. 
1
 (pg. 
52
-
74
)
NPWS. 2001.Blue Mountains National Park: Plan of Management. Hurstville: National Parks and Wildlife Service.
OTES 2010.Home Page. Over the Edge Sports. http://www.fruitamountainbike.com/ [Accessed 23rd October 2012]. http://www.fruitamountainbike.com/
Oxley D.J., Fenton M.B. and Carmody G.R. 1974. The effects of roads on populations of small mammals. Journal of Applied Ecology 11: 51-59.
The effects of roads on populations of small mammals
, 
Journal of Applied Ecology
, vol. 
11
 (pg. 
51
-
59
)
Palmer, C. 2006. Mountain biking: settling into middle age - or clicking up a gear? Byway and Bridleway 3: 33-34.
Mountain biking: settling into middle age - or clicking up a gear?
, 
Byway and Bridleway
, vol. 
3
 (pg. 
33
-
34
)
Pickering, C.M. and Hill, W. 2007. Impacts of recreation and tourism on plant diversity and vegetation in protected areas in Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 85: 791-800.
Impacts of recreation and tourism on plant diversity and vegetation in protected areas in Australia
, 
Journal of Environmental Management
, vol. 
85
 (pg. 
791
-
800
)
Priskin, J. 2003. Physical impacts of four-wheel drive related tourism and recreation in a semi-arid, natural coastal environment. Oceans and Coastal Management 46: 127-155.
Physical impacts of four-wheel drive related tourism and recreation in a semi-arid, natural coastal environment
, 
Oceans and Coastal Management
, vol. 
46
 (pg. 
127
-
155
)
Puchan, H. 2005. Living “extreme”: adventure sports, media and commercialisation. Journal of Communication Management 9: 171-178.
Living “extreme”: adventure sports, media and commercialisation
, 
Journal of Communication Management
, vol. 
9
 (pg. 
171
-
178
)
Ramp, D. and Ben-Ami, D. 2006. The effect of roadbased fatalities on the viability of a peri-urban swamp wallaby population. Journal of Wildlife Management 70: 1615-1624.
The effect of roadbased fatalities on the viability of a peri-urban swamp wallaby population
, 
Journal of Wildlife Management
, vol. 
70
 (pg. 
1615
-
1624
)
Ramsay, A. 1996. Wilderness - what do the managers think? Australian Parks and Recreation 32: 19-20.
Wilderness - what do the managers think?
, 
Australian Parks and Recreation
, vol. 
32
 (pg. 
19
-
20
)
Ride Rotorua undated. Welcome to 100% MTB heaven. http://www.riderotorua.com/ [Accessed 23rd October 2012]. http://www.riderotorua.com/
Ross, P.M. 2006. Macrofaunal loss and microhabitat destruction: the impact of trampling in a temperate mangrove forest, NSW Australia. Wetlands, Ecology and Management 14: 167-184.
Macrofaunal loss and microhabitat destruction: the impact of trampling in a temperate mangrove forest, NSW Australia
, 
Wetlands, Ecology and Management
, vol. 
14
 (pg. 
167
-
184
)
Ross, P.M. Minchinton, T.E. and Ponder, W. 2009. The ecology of molluscs in Australian saltmarshes. Saltmarshes in Australia edited by N. Saintilan, in CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Pp. 67-107.
, 
Saltmarshes in Australia
(pg. 
67
-
107
)
Sarre, R. 1989. Risk management in recreation: legal dilemmas and legal solutions. Australian Parks and Recreation 25: 7-14.
Risk management in recreation: legal dilemmas and legal solutions
, 
Australian Parks and Recreation
, vol. 
25
 (pg. 
7
-
14
)
Seabrook W.A. and Dettman E.B. 1996. Roads as activity corridors for cane toads in Australia. Journal of Wildlife Management 60: 363-368.
Roads as activity corridors for cane toads in Australia
, 
Journal of Wildlife Management
, vol. 
60
 (pg. 
363
-
368
)
Stake, M.M. 2000. Impacts of mountain biking activity on golden cheeked warblers at Fort Hood, Texas. In: Endangered Species Monitoring and Management at Fort Hood Texas: 2000 Annual Report, Fort Hood Project, The Nature Conservancy of Texas, Fort Hood.
Stankey, G.H., Cole, D.N., Lucas, R.C., Petersen, M.E. and Frissell, S.S. 1985.The Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) system for wilderness planning. General Technical Report INT - 176. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Ogden.
Starr, M., Gordon, D. and Begun, B. 2006. Board crazy. Newsweek, 27th February, 147(9).
Board crazy
, 
Newsweek
, vol. 
147
 
Sun, D. and Walsh, D. 1998. Review of studies on environmental impacts of recreation and tourism in Australia. Journal of Environmental Management 53: 323-38.
Review of studies on environmental impacts of recreation and tourism in Australia
, 
Journal of Environmental Management
, vol. 
53
 (pg. 
323
-
38
)
Symmonds, M.C., Hammitt, W.E., Quisenberry, V.L. 2000. Managing recreational trail environments for mountain bike user preference. Environmental Management 25: 549-564.
Managing recreational trail environments for mountain bike user preference
, 
Environmental Management
, vol. 
25
 (pg. 
549
-
564
)
Taylor, A.R. and Knight, R.L. 2003. Wildlife responses to recreation and associated visitor perceptions. Ecological Applications 13: 951-963.
Wildlife responses to recreation and associated visitor perceptions
, 
Ecological Applications
, vol. 
13
 (pg. 
951
-
963
)
Thurston, E. and Reader, R.J. 2001. Impacts of experimentally applied mountain biking and hiking on vegetation and soil of a deciduous forest. Environmental Management 27: 397-409.
Impacts of experimentally applied mountain biking and hiking on vegetation and soil of a deciduous forest
, 
Environmental Management
, vol. 
27
 (pg. 
397
-
409
)
Tiedeman, B.G. 2002. Michigan Mountain Biking Association Marketing Research. Michigan Mountain Biking Association, Waterford.
, 
Michigan Mountain Biking Association Marketing Research
TRC 2005.Forestry Commission Scotland: an Ambition for Forest Cycling and Mountain Biking - Towards a National Strategy. Final Report. Tourism Resources Company. http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/forestcyclingandmountainbiking.pdf/$FILE/forestcyclingandmountainbiking.pdf. [Accessed 23rd October 2012]. http://www.forestry.gov.uk/pdf/forestcyclingandmountainbiking.pdf/$FILE/forestcyclingandmountainbiking.pdf
TRC/EKOS. 2007.7stanes Phase 2 evaluation: report for Forestry Commission Scotland, October 2007. Glasgow: Tourism Resources Company and EKOS Ltd.
Whinam, J. and Chilcott, N. 1999. Impacts of trampling on alpine environments in central Tasmania. Journal of Environmental Management 57: 205-220.
Impacts of trampling on alpine environments in central Tasmania
, 
Journal of Environmental Management
, vol. 
57
 (pg. 
205
-
220
)
Whistler Blackcomb undated.Whistler Mountain Bike Park. http://www.whistlerbike.com/index.htm. [Accessed 23rd October 2012]. http://www.whistlerbike.com/index.htm
White, D.D., Waskey, M.T., Brodehl, G.P. and Foti, P.E. 2006. A comparative study of impacts to mountain bike trails in five common ecological regions of the Southwestern U.S. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration 24: 21-41.
A comparative study of impacts to mountain bike trails in five common ecological regions of the Southwestern U.S.
, 
Journal of Park and Recreation Administration
, vol. 
24
 (pg. 
21
-
41
)
Wotherspoon D. and Burgin S. 2011. The impact on native herpetofauna due to traffic collision at the interface between a suburban area and the Greater Blue Mountains World Heritage Area: an ecological disaster? Wildlife response to disasters edited by C. Dickman, D. Lunney and P. Banks, in Australian Zoologist 35: 1040-1046.
Wilson, J.P. and Seney, J.P. 1994. Erosional impact of hikers, horses, motorcycles, and off-road bicycles on mountain trails in Montana. Mountain Research and Development 14: 77-88.
Erosional impact of hikers, horses, motorcycles, and off-road bicycles on mountain trails in Montana
, 
Mountain Research and Development
, vol. 
14
 (pg. 
77
-
88
)
Wöhrstein, T. 1998.Mountainbike und Umwelt: Ökologische Auswirkungen und Nutzungskonflikte. Pirrot Verlag and Druck, Saarbrüken-Dudweiler.
, 
Mountainbike und Umwelt: Ökologische Auswirkungen und Nutzungskonflikte
This content is only available as a PDF.