The Dual Process of Xenophobia and Transnational Identity Formation in Turkey

This study analyzes the contradictory and simultaneous embrace of the transnational identity of world citizenship and rejection of individual countries and societies in Turkey. In the process, it assesses the impact of economic privilege and religion in this phenomenon. The results of the data analyses revealed that both privilege and religion played a role in shaping this contradictory process; however, their impact was limited and did not always have a clear direction. Overall, this study joins the scholars in the globalization literature who claim that globalization has been a contradictory process which reveals both universalizing and particularizing tendencies as it integrates economies and societies around the world while pitting them against one another.