Codes for Natural History Collections in Ichthyology and Herpetology

The current list was seeded in 2010 with codes from three sources: Leviton et al. (1985), Leviton and Gibbs (1988), and the online Guide to Fish Collections in the Catalog of Fishes (Fricke and Eschmeyer, 2010). The first version of the list (v1) was made available online via the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH) website on 5 October 2010. It was replaced with revised versions on 8 November 2010 (v2), 23 February 2012 (v3), 28 June 2013 (v4), 22 September 2014 (v5), 16 August 2016 (v6.5), and 1 April 2019 (v7.1). Over that time, the list was significantly expanded and improved via personal communications with the collections community and the incorporation of other extensive lists available for fishes (e.g., Poss and Collette, 1995), amphibians (Frost, 2020), and reptiles (Wallach et al., 2014). Other important sources included catalogs of types specimens (e.g., Gilbert, 1998; Böhme, 2010) and natural history collections themselves (e.g., Roselaar, 2003; Del Moral-Flores et al., 2016; Beck, 2018; Beck and Joger, 2018). Publications were accessed via the Biodiversity Heritage Library, ResearchGate, and other freely available online sources. Efforts were made to coordinate the current list with additional databases that include or manage data on natural history specimens, such as The Reptile Database (Uetz et al., 2020), VertNet, and Integrated Digitized Biocollections (iDigBio). Unlike the lists assembled by Leviton et al. (1985) and Leviton and Gibbs (1988), the current one benefitted immeasurably from email, the internet, and the Google search engine.

The codes are divided among two lists: Appendix 1 and a Supplemental Appendix (see Data Accessibility). Appendix 1 lists 2,064 commonly used or otherwise preferred institution codes sorted first by country, then state (or close equivalent), then alphabetically by code. The code prioritized here serves to anchor information relevant to its origin and application, as well as synonymous codes. When multiple codes have been used to cite specimens at a particular institution, priority generally was given to the one 1) confirmed via personal correspondences with institutional staff or otherwise knowledgeable colleagues, 2) cited in type catalogs published by institutional staff, 3) cited in other publications co-authored by institutional staff, 4) cited by outside authors with a preference towards younger and taxonomically oriented publications. Thus, the current list focuses on codes as they appear in published papers. Those may differ from codes used to database specimens in a particular collection, aggregate specimen records across collections, or link specimen records to other databases.

Not all institutions were contacted and not all type catalogs were consulted for the current list, but such efforts were made for large institutions with complex histories and numerous synonyms. Codes cited for privately held collections are included. Leviton et al. (1985) deliberately omitted private collections to avoid any sign of legitimation. Private collections appear in the current list merely for completeness, and their inclusion here should not be mistaken for encouragement or legitimacy. The current list also includes a number of historically important, but defunct collections.

Each institution code in Appendix 1 is followed by the full name of the institution and city. Many entries include various annotations in this order:

• Also known as.—Alternative name currently in use for institution.

• Formerly.—Names historically associated with institution.

• Includes.—Collections/specimens incorporated into institution from other sources.

• Note.—Comments on the institution and its collections including date of establishment, history, institutional affiliations and related collections, and current status when known.

• In error as.—Code(s) wrongly attributed to institution in print publications.

• Obsolete as.—Codes discouraged from use based on their association with former institutional names or on explicit correspondence with institutional staff (not included are codes associated with a former institutional name, but explicitly retained by staff for consistency).

• Current as.—Code most commonly (or recently) associated with institution or otherwise explicitly codified by institutional staff; replaced by Assigned here for a collection cited in the literature without a code, and thereby receiving a tentative code in this paper.

• Also as.—Other codes currently used for institution.

• See also.—Closely associated collections often held by the same institution, but administered separately (e.g., fossils in “Museum of Geology” vs. Recent specimens in “Museum of Zoology”).

The second list, the Supplemental Appendix (see Data Accessibility), is an alphabetical index of all 3,845 codes found during the current search. As such, it highlights cases where the same code has been applied to different institutions. The Supplemental Appendix provides extra columns that include the sources for each code, a bibliography of those sources (1,816 total), and a list of 331 personal correspondents from 2006 to present.

Codes for natural history collections are conceived and expressed in an extraordinary number of ways (Table 1). Codes are generally derived from one or a combination of sources including: specimen preparation (e.g., fossil vs. Recent), collector (for privately held specimens), collection, institution, meta-institution, para-institution, former institution, taxonomic group, and geology (e.g., fossils). The code or combination of codes is generally followed by a catalog number unique to the particular collection. In print publications, the code(s) and catalog number may be confluent or variably set apart by a space or punctuations (e.g., period, dash, slash, etc.).

That said, most codes have two components, an institution code and a collection code, that may or may not be confluent. For example, collections at the University of Kansas (KU) Biodiversity Institute are now cited as KUH (herps), KUI (fishes), KUIT (fish tissues), and KUVP (vertebrate fossils). Specimens at the Naturhistoriska riksmuseet are divided between the Department of Zoology (NRM) and Department of Paleontology (NRM-PZ), and the latter is subdivided by taxonomic codes into NRM-PZ C (fossil Cyclostomata), NRM-PZ P (fossil Pisces), NRM-PZ B (fossil Batrachia), and NRM-PZ R (fossil Reptilia; S. Kullander, pers. comm., 2010; E. Åhlander, pers. comm., 2020).

A single institution does not always employ the same institution code for all constituent collections, especially for fossil vs. Recent specimens. Hence, the University of California, Berkeley, uses MVZ for the Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and UCMP for the Museum of Paleontology. The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia employs ANSP for specimens in the zoological collections and diatom herbarium, but PH (Philadelphia Herbarium) for botanical specimens. Institution codes also may differ between modern and historical collections extant within a single institution. Hence, MRSN applies to modern collections at the Museo Regionale di Scienze Naturali di Torino, whereas MACUT and MZUT are used for Università di Torino historical collections associated with Museo di Anatomia Comparata and Museo di Zoologia, respectively (Andreone and Gavetti, 2010).

Alternatively, the institution code may be annotated to distinguish modern from historical collections. Hence, collections at the Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg may be cited as MLUH for modern specimens or MLUH (IZH) for historical specimens associated with its predecessor, Institut für Zoologie, Halle (F. Steinheimer, pers. comm., 2018). Annotated institution codes also may be used to distinguish native holdings from those received from external sources (i.e., other institutions or private collectors). Hence, specimens from the historical collection of Stanford University (SU) now housed at the California Academy of Sciences (CAS) may be cited as SU (institution code) or CAS-SU (annotated institution code).

Finally, some institutions are part of a more inclusive meta-institution that may or may not be expressed in the institution code. Examples of meta-institutions include the Zoological Society of India (ZSI) with ZSI-ANRC (or ZSI/ANRC) used to cite specimens in collections of the Andaman and Nicobar Regional Center, one of many different ZSI regional centers that maintain natural history collections. Another example is National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (NASU), with which collections of the I. I. Schmalhausen Institute of Zoology (SIZK) and National Museum of Natural History (NMNHU) are both associated. Additional examples of meta-institutions are large universities with collections separated between the main campus and satellite campuses and/or field stations. In such cases, a collection (vs. institution) code may be used to cite specimens. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) provides a complex example. Specimens associated with the main campus in México City are cited as CNAR (herps in Colección Nacional de Anfibios y Reptiles), CNPE-IBUNAM (fishes in Colección Nacional de Peces), IGM (fossils in Colección Nacional de Paleontología, Instituto de Geología), and IGM-CMR (Colección de Material Reciente del Museo de Geología). Fish specimens associated with the UNAM campus in Sisal may be cited as CIRR UMDI, Colección Ictiológica Regional de Referencia, Unidad Multidisciplinaria de Docencia e Investigación (Gallardo-Torres et al., 2016).

A special case of a meta-institution is the National Park Service (NPS) in the U.S. Department of the Interior. Natural history specimens collected on lands administered by the National Park Service are the property of NPS, but may be deposited on loan at non-NPS repositories that meet federal requirements. The non-NPS repository generally assigns its own institution/collection code and catalog number (e.g., ANSP 187723) with a cross-reference to the corresponding NPS collection and catalog number (e.g., NPS UPDE 2153, Upper Delaware Scenic and Recreational River NPS unit). In publications, both the NPS and non-NPS repository catalog numbers should be cited, as in: ANSP 187723 [NPS UPDE 2153] (Lauren Finn Hauptman, pers. comm., 2016).

Codes may change as institutions and collections are subject to various forms of rebranding, takeover, and merger (Schindel et al., 2016; Sharma et al., 2018). Omitted from such scenarios are small-scale transfers between institutions. Curators have long exchanged natural history specimens, and those received are generally cited and/or cataloged using “ex,” as in ANSP 203158 (ex. ZUEC 11694). The “ex” notation also is commonly used when specimen(s) are transferred from one lot to another within a particular collection, such as ANSP 203169 (ex. 185074) for the holotype of Trachydoras gepharti cited in Sabaj and Arce (2017).

Rebranding is often associated with institutional reorganization and new affiliations, especially when new administrators measure success by renaming levels of administration. Even “trademark” codes (Schindel et al., 2016) are vulnerable. In 2011, for example, NHMUK replaced BMNH as the official code for the Natural History Museum in London (ex-British Museum of Natural History). Mergers and takeovers often accompany the demise of institutional interest in natural history collections. Large-scale transfers are generally well documented for collections of historical importance, especially in Europe, but invariably include the loss or misplacement of specimens. University collections are among the most difficult to track since colleges, departments, labs, and field stations may hold separate collections. Any university that has employed a particularly conscientious taxonomist is likely to have a natural history collection of sorts. Such collections may thrive under faculty who do collections-based research involving students (Humphrey, 1992). If a university collection, however, fails to reach a certain threshold of size and importance, they become highly vulnerable to neglect with changes in institutional priorities and staff. Many orphaned collections are adopted whole or in part by institutions with greater resources. But, some are simply shuttered and eventually discarded.

Museum and collection codes are born of catalogs, checklists, and monographs, nurtured by printed indices, and fledged via online databases. Botanists mounted the first coordinated effort to standardize such codes by establishing the Index Herbariorum in 1935 (Lanjouw and Stafleu, 1952). The Index Herbariorum is an active global registry of botanical institutions and collections, and maintains a list of 4,175 codes of which 3,324 pertain to active herbaria (Thiers, 2020). Entomologists assembled taxon-specific lists for Coleoptera (Arnett and Samuelson, 1969) and insects with an emphasis on Lepidoptera (Heppner and Lamas, 1982). Those were eventually integrated and expanded into a list of insect and spider collections of the world (Arnett et al., 1993) that is currently maintained and updated by Neal Evenhuis at the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum (Evenhuis, 2020). Among vertebrates, lists of codes were assembled first for collections of amphibians and reptiles (Duellman et al., 1978; Leviton et al., 1980), and later expanded to include fishes (Leviton et al., 1985) and revised (Leviton and Gibbs, 1988). The list of codes for fish collections passed through subsequent iterations via type catalogs in print (Eschmeyer, 1998; Ferraris, 2007) and online (Fricke and Eschmeyer, 2020). Though taxonomically siloed, such lists have proven invaluable for communities of biologists to efficiently locate and cite specimens in their research and publications.

The electronic capture of collections data in the late 1970s and 80s (Wiley and Peterson, 2004) and subsequent rise of the internet prompted the museum community to develop open standards for the exchange and aggregation of such data. In 1985, the Taxonomic Databases Working Group (TDWG) was founded to address the needs for natural history specimens. Renamed Biodiversity Information Standards (with the TDWG code retained), this non-profit organization eventually released a set of standards for sharing biodiversity information (Darwin Core Task Group, 2009). The Darwin Core includes four record-level fields (or properties) for parsing data related to the specimen repository: dwc:institutionID, dwc:collectionID, dwc:institutionCode, and dwc:collectionCode. The two “ID” fields are essentially unique identifiers (e.g., LSIDs) created and used by data aggregators. The two “Code” fields are created and used by the institutions and collections that curate the specimen data. A fifth Darwin Core field, dwc:catalogNumber, serves to identify the specimen (or lot) and is presumably unique within a particular collection. Strung together, the institution code, collection code, and catalog number constitute the Darwin Core Triplet. The Darwin Core Triplet has become a de facto globally unique identifier (GUID) for specimen records despite its shortcomings as such, and the most widely deployed identifier scheme for aggregating data on specimens across natural history collections (Guralnick et al., 2014; Schindel et al., 2016).

For linking genetic sequence records to museum voucher specimens, GenBank established and maintains a BioCollections Database (Sharma et al., 2018) that appends a three-letter country code to the Darwin Core Triplet to distinguish institutions with the same code (i.e., dwc:institutionCode). The country codes are supplemented by two-letter state codes when necessary. For example, the BioCollections institution code for University of Alaska, Museum of the North is UAM vs. UAM<USA-AR> for University of Arkansas at Monticello and UAM<ESP> for Universidad Autonoma De Madrid culture collection of cyanobacteria. Although users are asked to provide information on the voucher specimen when submitting sequences to GenBank, many do not provide enough data to establish reliable links to the BioCollections Database (Sharma et al., 2018).

A variety of ongoing initiatives rely on institution and collection codes to aggregate digitized data on natural history specimens at a variety of scales (Nelson and Ellis, 2018) roughly separable into: 1) global, 2) regional, 3) taxonomic (e.g., online type catalogs), 4) fossil, 5) institutional, and 6) “niche.” The two largest initiatives are the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) established in 2001 and the Integrated Digitized Biocollections (iDigBio) established ten years later. The latter (iDigBio) is the central coordinating unit for digitization efforts funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation's Advancing Digitization of Biodiversity Collections (ADBC) program (Thiers et al., 2019), and the largest U.S. network for sharing specimen data with GBIF. The U.S. Geological Survey's Biodiversity Information Serving Our Nation (BISON) also serves as a regional aggregator (U.S. node) for contributing records to GBIF.

More focused efforts (e.g., regional to “niche”) may capture or curate specimen records more reliably and/or include collections outside of the GBIF and iDigBio networks. Regional examples of specimen-based aggregators include the Atlas of Living Australia, Mexico's National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO), Brazil's speciesLink, China's National Specimen Information Infrastructure (NSII), and SYNTHESYS+, a newly funded project within the European Distributed System of Scientific Collections (DiSSCo).

Taxonomic databases generally focus on records for type specimens and often employ the most up-to-date classification schemes. Type catalogs must contend with historical specimens cited for defunct collections, and often generate modern codes for such cases. Examples of taxonomic databases include WoRMS, the World Register of Marine Species (Horton et al., 2018), and associated World Porifera Database (Van Soest et al., 2018), the Freshwater Mussels (Unionoida) of the World (MUSSELp; Graf and Cummings, 2018), Shark-references.com (Pollerspöck and Straube, 2020), Eschmeyer's Catalog of Fishes (Fricke et al., 2020), Amphibian Species of the World (Frost, 2020), and the Reptile Database (Uetz et al., 2019, 2020). The Paleobiology Database (PBDB) founded by John Alroy and Charles Marshall in 2000 curates 157,370 specimen records as of 1 January 2019 with about 75–80% of those records tied to museums. At large institutions, specimen records often remain taxonomically siloed in separate databases for each collection. Noteworthy exceptions are the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle in Paris and the Smithsonian Institution's online Collections Search Center. Large institutions struggling to aggregate specimen records in situ may find it easier do so ex situ by having their collections separately contribute records to global aggregators such as GBIF and iDigBio. A variety of “niche” databases exist online with the Fishes of Mainland Southeast Asia (Kano et al., 2013) as a keen example. All of the aforementioned online databases maintain digital indices of museum and collection codes descended from earlier printed lists.

Institution and collection codes have proliferated in recent decades, due in part to the establishment of new collections in species-rich parts of the world and an increase in the number of journals and online databases that publish on biodiversity. Online registries for natural history collections exist at a variety of scales, although some have gone offline in recent years. At the national level, a noteworthy (and active) example is the Catálogo de las colecciones mexicanas (CONABIO, 2018) which includes 751 Mexican collections with holdings ranging from germplasm and bacteria to mammals and fossils. Since 2001, the Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt has maintained the Registro Único Nacional de Colecciones Biológicas (RNC), a detailed registry of biological collections in Colombia. The Zentralregister botanischer und zoologischer Forschungssammlungen (ZEFOD) once provided a wealth of online information for German natural history collections (Weber, 2018), but its web-presence, as such, has disappeared.

The Global Registry for Biodiversity Repositories (GRBio) assembled one of the largest lists of institution and collection codes (Table 2). GRBio was developed by the Consortium for the Barcode of Life (CBOL, 2004–2011) to help link voucher specimens to DNA barcodes in GenBank (Schindel et al., 2016). GRBio incorporated data from CBOL, the U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Index Herbariorum (IH), and the Biodiversity Collections Index (BCI, now offline). GRBio was released by CBOL in June 2013 and its management was transferred to Scientific Collections International (GRSciColl) in December 2013. In 2018, the website for GRBio/GRSciColl was hacked and went offline. The data it once managed were dumped on 29 May 2018 and remain available online at DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.1285615. Their abandoned list (grbio_institutions_05_29_18.csv) included 7,097 institution and collection codes. Those data have since been migrated into a newly updated Global Registry of Scientific Collections (GRSciColl) hosted by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF, 2018, 2019; Hobern et al., 2020). The new GRSciColl is a comprehensive, community-curated clearinghouse of data on scientific collections in natural history as well as those in other disciplines such as anthropology, archaeology, and biomedicine. GRSciColl's online registry lists 5,263 collection codes linked to 8,037 institution codes as of 19 May 2020. GBIF uses GRSciColl to help provide valuable data on the natural history collections (i.e., “publishers”) that contribute specimen records to their database (e.g., 1,985 publishers from 1,606 institutions as of 19 May 2020). iDigBio also maintains data on natural history collections contributing records to their database with 1,621 “Recordsets” (individual collections) as of 19 May 2020. For a comparison of well-established indices to institution and collection codes, see Table 2.

The standardization of codes is challenged in part by the lack of a clear ontology for the description of natural history holdings at the collection level. In 2008, the Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG) community drafted data standards for describing all types of natural history collections including mixed ones resulting from expeditions and voyages of discovery (NCD, 2008). This effort is currently maintained by TDWG's Collection Descriptions Interest Group, which intends to deliver a metadata standard for natural history collections in 2020 (CD, 2019; Hobern et al., 2020). Such standards are necessary to facilitate the discovery, management, and attribution of collections relative to the specimen-level records they curate and provide.

From a bioinformatics point of view, stable institution and collection codes are essential to accurately and efficiently share data on natural history specimens (Schindel et al., 2016; Hobern et al., 2020). Such codes facilitate online type catalogs, aggregators of specimen-based records, and derivative databases that link natural history specimens to genomic information (e.g., GenBank; International Barcode of Life, iBOL) and media records such as 3D images (e.g., MorphoSource). Stable codes also allow for comparative studies and surveys of collections' growth, strengths, and value to science and society (e.g., Funk, 2017; Singer et al., 2018). Future directions for the assembly and use of natural history collections in research and education, such as the Extended Specimen Network (Schindel and Cook, 2018; Lendemer et al., 2019), will need a stable index of codes and, at a finer scale, persistent identifiers for the specimens themselves to improve the interoperability of associated data (Güntsch et al., 2017). GBIF's new online global registry of scientific collections (GRSciColl) will certainly stabilize codes within the bioinformatics community. Taxonomists and systematists, however, often reference the codes in long-standing indices compiled for their particular group, or simply copy and paste a relevant subset of such indices from one paper to the next, substituting or creating new codes when needed. The current study provides context for the idiosyncratic origins, applications, and tenures of codes for natural history collections and institutions, and may help bridge the gap between those used in bioinformatics vs. the scientific literature.

In the early days of Linnaean taxonomy, authors were relatively casual about citing the natural history specimens from which their conclusions were drawn. Left to later taxonomists was the complicated task of divining the basis and application of old scientific names. In the early days of molecular taxonomy, authors were similarly casual about clearly citing repositories for specimen vouchers (if extant), making it difficult, if not impossible, for others to verify their work. Faunal surveys and ecological studies do not always involve the preservation of specimens, but those that do often neglect to specify repositories in published results. Linnaean taxonomists today, especially paleontologists, are far more careful about clearly citing repositories for the specimens they studied. Practices among molecular taxonomists have improved, but still fall short on too many occasions. Ecologists remain the most negligent at citing specimen repositories, inviting criticisms that the taxonomic aspects of their work are irreproducible (Bortolus, 2008; Vink et al., 2012). The current list intends to encourage those who collect or employ natural history specimens in their research to carefully document not only the origin, but the final destination of such specimens.

General advice for the creation and management of museum codes to promote their standardization and proper use.

1. Newly created or modified codes should include at least two components, an institution code and collection code. Ideally, the institution code should be listed first and globally unique among institutions holding natural history specimens. The collection code should be unique within its parent institution.

2. Institutions holding natural history specimens should clearly identify preferred codes for citing such specimens, especially via homepages, type catalogs, and other articles specifically related to their collections.

3. Published studies that use or yield natural history specimens should clearly identify the repository(ies) for such specimens either by name and physical location (preferred) or by reference to a well-established and readily available index of institution and collection codes.

4. Indices to institution and collection codes should include relevant sources such as personal communications with staff and primary literature (e.g., collection type catalogs).

5. Online databases that register institutions and collections and/or serve records or media based on natural history specimens should make their index of codes publicly available for download, especially in anticipation of going offline.

6. The so-called “Darwin Core Triplet” (concatenation of dwc:institutionCode, dwc:collectionCode and dwc:catalogNumber) is inadequate as a globally unique identifier. Efforts to create true globally unique identifiers for natural history collections should consider incorporating a fourth Darwin Core field, dwc:ownerInstitutionCode, to tie together collections with separate institution codes (e.g., Museum of Vertebrate Zoology and Museum of Paleontology) into a larger meta-institution (University of California, Berkeley).

An excel file containing all abbreviations and additional information on sources (bibliography and personal correspondences) is available at: https://asih.org/standard-symbolic-codes/about-symbolic-codes. Supplemental material is available at https://www.copeiajournal.org/ASIHCODONS2020.

I express my sincerest thanks to all who responded to requests for information pertaining to the natural history collections in their care. For sharing information from particular databases and indices, special thanks to Jan K. Legind (GBIF), Shobha Sharma (NCBI), Peter Uetz (The Reptile Database), and Mark D. Uhen (PaleoDB). Effort supported in part by The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, Drexel University and NSF DEB 0315963 (PI L. Page), DBI 1701714 (PI D. Blackburn), DBI 1701943 (PI M. Sabaj).

Zoological Museum, Faculty of Science, Kabul University (KU), Kabul. Also known as: Kabul University Science Museum. Note: established by Clas Naumann, KU professor from 1970–1972, during which time herpetological specimens were shared with ZFMK; zoological museum destroyed during Taliban regime (1996–2001). Assigned here: KUZM. Afghanistan.

Natural Sciences Museum of Albania, Tirana. Note: affiliated with the University of Tirana. Current as: MNST (herps). Albania.

Faculté des Sciences Biologiques (FSB), Université des sciences et de la technologie Houari-Boumediene (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar. Also known as: University of Bab Ezzouar. Current as: FSB/HAL (fishes). See also: ZAR (fossils). Algeria.

University of Abou Bakr Belkaïd [Abou Bakr Belkaid University of Tlemcen], Tlemcen. Current as: UTL (fossils, Laboratory). Algeria.

Musée de la Faculté des Sciences de la Terre de la Géographie et de l'Aménagement du Territoire (FSTGAT), Université des sciences et de la technologie Houari-Boumediene (USTHB), Bab Ezzouar. Current as: ZAR (fossils from Zarzaïtine Series). See also: FSB/HAL (fishes). Algeria.

Jean P. Haydon Museum, Pago Pago. American Samoa.

Instituto Superior de Ciências de Educação da Huíla (ISCED-Huíla), Lubango [ex Sá da Bandeira]. Also known as: Lubango Museum. Includes: collections of Instituto de Investigação Científica de Angola (IICA). Current as: ISCED. Huíla. Angola.

Instituto Nacional da Biodiversidade e Áreas de Conservação, Ministério do Ambiente de Angola, Kilamba Kiaxi, Luanda. Current as: INBAC (herps). Luanda. Angola.

Museu de Geologia da Universidade Agostinho Neto, Luanda. Current as: MGUAN (fossils), MGUAN-PA (fossils, PaleoAngola Collection). Luanda. Angola.

Museu Nacional de História Natural de Angola, Largo do Kinaxixe, Luanda [ex São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda]. Note: descended from Angolan Museum founded in 1938 in São Miguel Fort, Luanda Bay area. Current as: MNHNL/ANF (amphibians), MNHNL/Rep (reptiles). Luanda. Angola.

Museu Regional do Dundo, Dundo, Chitato. Also known as: Museu do Dundo; Laboratório de Biologia do Museu do Dundo; Dundo Museum. Current as: MD. Lunda Norte. Angola.

Asociación Ictiológica, La Plata. Note: collection separate from, but in same building as MLP. Current as: AI (fishes). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Iológicas, Buenos Aires. Also as: Coleccion Herpetologica, Instituto Nacional de Microbiología “Gustav G. Malbrán” (CENAI/CHINM, INM, IINM). Note: “Iológicas” correct, derived from Greek word for venom; institution founded by Avelino Barrio and closed in 1979; herps (including types) transferred to MACN. Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Fundación de Historia Natural Félix de Azara Colección, Universidad Maimónides, Buenos Aires. Includes: fish collection formerly at Instituto de Limnología “Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet”, La Plata (ILPLA, ILLPA). Note: older CFA collections assembled by Julio Rafael Contreras for Programa de Biología Básica, Corrientes, transferred to MACN and re-numbered. Current as: CFA-IC (fishes), CFA-AN (amphibians), CFA-RE (reptiles). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Grupo Conservacionista de Fósiles, Museo Paleontológico “Fray Manuel de Torres”, San Pedro. Current as: GCF (fossils). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Instituto Antártico Argentino, Museo Antártico de la Fundación Marambio, Buenos Aires. Note: research institution; status of collections unknown. Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales “Carlos Ameghino”, Mercedes. Current as: MCA (fossils). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Museo de Ciencias Naturales “Gesué Pedro Noseda”, Lobería. Current as: MCNL (fossils). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Museo de Ciencias Naturales “Florentino Ameghino”, Las Flores. Current as: MCNLF (fossils). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Museo Histórico Regional Ayacucho, Ayacucho. Current as: MHRA (fossils). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales Pachamama, Santa Clara del Mar. Current as: MMCNP (fossils). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Museo de Ciencias Naturales “Vicente Di Martino”, Monte Hermoso. Current as: MMH-QEQ (fossils from Puente Vanoli). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales “Lorenzo Scaglia”, Mar del Plata. Current as: MMP (fossils). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires. Current as: CPBA (fossils). See also: FCEN (Recent vertebrates). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Vertebrate Collection, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Buenos Aires. Current as: FCEN-V (herps). See also: CPBA (fossils). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones desarrollo pesquero, Mar del Plata. Formerly: Instituto de Biología Marina (IBMC) until 1977. Current as: INIDEP (fishes). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia”, Buenos Aires. Formerly: Museo Nacional de Argentina; Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires (MNBA). Includes: herpetological collections from Centro de Ecología aplicada del Litoral (HB) and Instituto Nacional de Microbiología “Carlos G. Malbrán” (CENAI/CHINM, INM, IINM); collection assembled by Julio Rafael Contreras for Programa de Biología Básica, Corrientes (now CFA); Colección Carlos Grisolía (CCG). Obsolete as: MBR, MNBA, SHNBA. Current as: MACN-Ict (fishes, Colección Nacional de Ictiología), MACN-He (herps, Colección Nacional de Herpetología); MACN-Pv (fossils, Colección Nacional de Paleovertebrados). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Museo Municipal de Ciencias Naturales Carlos Darwin. Current as: MD (fossils). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Museo de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo (FCNyM), Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata. Also known as: Museo de Ciencias Naturales de La Plata (CHMLPA). Formerly: Museo Antropológico y Arqueológico de Buenos Aires based on collections donated by Francisco Pascasio Moreno. Note: fish collection in same building but separate from Asociación Ictiológica (AI) collection. In error as: ILPLA (herps). Obsolete as: CHMLPA, MLPA. Current as: MLP (fishes), MLP (fossils, División Paleontología de Vertebrados), MLP A (amphibians), MLP R (reptiles, for catalog numbers ≥5000), MLP S. & MLP JW. (lizards & snakes, respectively, for catalog numbers <5000), MLP DB (Diego Baldo herpetological collection). Also as: UNLP (amphibians). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Colección Paleontológica de la Universidad Nacional del Sur, Bahía Blanca. Current as: PV-UNS (fossils). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Laboratorio Vertebrados, Mar del Plata. Note: includes Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (IIMyC). Current as: UNMDP (fishes), UNMdP (Colección Herpetológica). Buenos Aires. Argentina.

Facultad Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Catamarca, Catamarca. Includes: fish collection formerly known as UNCa. Current as: FACEN (fishes). Catamarca. Argentina.

Museo de Ciencias naturales “Augusto Gustavo Schulz”, Resistencia. Note: reported as closed in 2016. Chaco. Argentina.

Centro Nacional Patagónico, Puerto Madryn. Note: exclusive unit of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cienctíficas y Tecnológicas (CONICET). Includes: Colección Herpetológica, Luciano Javier Avila Mariana Morando (LJAMM-CNP) began in 1998 and dontaed to CENPAT in 2009. Obsolete as: CH-CNP (herps). Current as: CENPAT (fossil fishes), CNP-A (amphibians), CNP-P (fishes), LJAMM-CNP (Colección Herpetológica). Chubut. Argentina.

José A. Scolaro Diagnostic Collection (herps). Current as: JAS-DC (herps). Also as: CH-JAS (Colección Herpetológica de José A. Scolaro). Chubut. Argentina.

Museo Paleontológico “Egidio Feruglio”, Trelew. Current as: MPEF-PV (fossil vertebrates). Chubut. Argentina.

Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia San Juan Bosco, Chubut Province. Note: created in 1980 via merger of Universidad de San Juan Bosco and Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia. Current as: UNPSJB (fossils). Chubut. Argentina.

Archivo Gráfico y Museo Histórico de San Francisco y la Región, San Francisco. Current as: AGM (fossils). Córdoba. Argentina.

Museo de Paleontología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba. Current as: CORD-PZ (fossils). See also: MZUC (Recent fishes, herps). Córdoba. Argentina.

Museo de Ciencias Naturales de la Región de Ansenuza “Aníbal Montes”, Miramar. Current as: MAMM-PV (fossils, Sección Paleovertebrados). Córdoba. Argentina.

Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales “Bartolomé Mitre”, Córdoba. Current as: MBM-PV (fossils). Córdoba. Argentina.

Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales “Dr. Arturo Umberto Illía”, Córdoba. Current as: MCNC PV (fossils). Córdoba. Argentina.

Museo Histórico Municipal de Arroyito, Arroyito. Current as: MHM (fossils). Córdoba. Argentina.

Museo Municipal Punta Hermengo, Miramar. Current as: MPH (fossils). Córdoba. Argentina.

Museo de Zoología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba. Current as: MZUC (herps). Also as: CZA (herps, Centro de Zoología Aplicada). See also: CORD (fossils). Córdoba. Argentina.

Colección Herpetológica de Zoología Vertebrados, Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Córdoba. Obsolete as: DCN-UNRC, ZVUNRC, UNRC-DCN-ZV. Current as: UNRC-ZV. Córdoba. Argentina.

Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras “Bella Vista”, Bella Vista. Note: no longer extant; disposition of collection unknown. Corrientes. Argentina.

Instituto Nacional de Limnología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cienctíficas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santo Tomé. Note: fish collection transferred to Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales “Florentino Ameghino”, Santa Fé (MFA). See also: MFA. Corrientes. Argentina.

Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura (FaCENA), Corrientes. Obsolete as: UNNE. Current as: CTES-PZ (fossils, Colección Paleontológica “Rafael Herbst”), UNNEC (Colección Herpetológica “Lic. Blanca Beatriz Alvarez”). Corrientes. Argentina.

Centro de Investigaciónes Científicas y Transferencia de Tecnología a la Produccion, Diamante. Current as: CICYTTP-PV-P (fossil fishes). Also as: CICTTTP (fossils). Entre Ríos. Argentina.

Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas “Prof. Antonio Serrano”, Paraná. Entre Ríos. Argentina.

Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Villa Escolar, Villa Escolar. Formerly: Colección Paleontología de Villa Escolar. Current as: PVE-F (fossils). Formosa. Argentina.

Relevamiento de Vertebrados de La Pampa, Museo Provincial de Historia Natural, Santa Rosa. Formerly: Museo Regional Pampeano until 1992. La Pampa. Argentina.

Instituto Argentino de Investigación de Zonas Árides (CCT-Mendoza-CONICET), Mendoza. Current as: IADIZA. Also as: CH-IADIZA, IADIZA-CH (Colección Herpetológica). Mendoza. Argentina.

Instituto de Biología Animal, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza. Current as: IBAUNC (fishes, herps). Also as: IBA, IBA-UNC (herps). Mendoza. Argentina.

José Miguel Cei Diagnostic Collection, San Luis. Current as: JMC-DC (herps). Mendoza. Argentina.

Museo de Ciencias Naturales y Antropológicas “Cornelio Moyano”, Mendoza. Current as: MCNA (fossils). Mendoza. Argentina.

Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis. Current as: MHIN-UNSL-GEO (fossils). Mendoza. Argentina.

Museo Municipal de Historia Natural de San Rafael, San Rafael. Obsolete as: MNHSR (herps). Current as: MHNSR, MHNSR-PV (fossils, Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados). Also as: MHN, MMHN-SR, MHNSRMza. Mendoza. Argentina.

Colección Herpetológica de la Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas. Current as: CHUNAM (herps). See also: LGE. Misiones. Argentina.

Vivario del Museo de Ciencias Naturales e Históricas del Instituto Ruiz de Montoya, Posadas. Misiones. Argentina.

Laboratorio de Genética Evolutiva, Instituto de Biología Subtropical, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas. See also: CHUNAM. Misiones. Argentina.

Museo “Carmen Funes”, Plaza Huincul. Also known as: Carmen Funes Municipal Museum. Current as: MCF-PVPH (fossils). Neuquén. Argentina.

Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales “Prof. Dr. Juan A. Olsacher”, Zapala. Current as: MOZ (fossils). Also as: MOZP. Neuquén. Argentina.

Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Neuquén. Current as: UNCo-PH (Programa de Herpetología), MUCPv (fossils, Museo de Geología y Paleontología). Also as: MUC Pv, MUCP (fossils). Neuquén. Argentina.

Museo Naturalístico, Antropológico e Histórico “Jorge Gerhold”, Ingeniero Jacobacci. Current as: CIC (fossils). Río Negro. Argentina.

Museo Regional de Cinco Saltos, Cinco Saltos. Current as: MCS (fossils). Río Negro. Argentina.

Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo Municipal de Lamarque, Lamarque. Also known as: Museo Paleontológico de Lamarque. Current as: MML-PV (fossils). Río Negro. Argentina.

Museo Paleontológico de la Asociación Paleontológica Bariloche, San Carlos de Bariloche. Current as: MPBAR (fossils). Río Negro. Argentina.

Museo provincial de Cipolletti “Carlos Ameghino”, Cipolletti. Current as: MPCA-PV (fossils). Río Negro. Argentina.

Museo Patagónico de Ciencias Naturales “Juan Carlos Salgado”, General Roca. Current as: MPCN (fossils). Río Negro. Argentina.

Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA, Rosario de Lerma. Note: established in 2009 as scientific research unit of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de Salta (UNSa). Current as: IBIGEO-I, IBIGEO-P (fishes), IBIGEO-R (reptiles). Salta. Argentina.

Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Salta. In error as: MCMI. Current as: MCN (fossils), MCNI (fishes), MCN-UNSa (herps, although MCN used on specimen tags). Also as: CNS-V (fossils). Salta. Argentina.

Universidad Nacional de San Juan, San Juan. Includes: Instituto y Museo de Ciencias Naturales (IMCN). Current as: PVSJ (fossils, División de Paleontología de Vertebrados), UNSJ (herps). Also as: IMCN-UNSJ (herps). San Juan. Argentina.

Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis. Current as: MHN-UNSL-GEO V (fossils, Geología Vertebrados). San Luis. Argentina.

Museo Regional Provincial “Padre Jesus Molina”, Río Gallegos. Note: museum established in 1957, adopted current name in 1983. Current as: MPM (fossils). Santa Cruz. Argentina.

Museo Provincial de Ciencias Naturales “Florentino Ameghino”, Santa Fe. Includes: fish collection from Instituto Nacional de Limnología (INALI), CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Santo Tomé. Current as: MFA-ZV-I (fishes), MFA-ZV-H (herps). Santa Fe. Argentina.

Museo Universitario “Florentino y Carlos Ameghino”, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Santa Fe. Formerly: Instituto de Fisiografía y Geología “Alfredo Castellanos”. Current as: MFCA (fossils). Santa Fe. Argentina.

Instituto de Animales Venenosas “Dr. Jorge W. Ábalos”, Santiago del Estero. Santiago del Estero. Argentina.

Fundación Miguel Lillo, San Miguel de Tucumán. Obsolete as: IML (fishes). Current as: FML (fishes, herps). Also as: CI-FML (fishes). See also: PVL (fossils). Tucumán. Argentina.

Paleontología Vertebrados Lillo, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales e Instituto “Miguel Lillo”, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, San Miguel de Tucumán. Current as: PVL (fossils). Also as: LIL-PZ (fossils). See also: FML (Recent fishes, herps). Tucumán. Argentina.

Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan [Erevan]. Formerly: Armenian Branch of USSR Academy of Sciences (1943–1993). Note: Institute of Zoology and Institute of Hydroecology and Ichthyology merged into Center of Zoology and Hydroecology (SCZH) founded in 2006. Obsolete as: ZIA (Zoological Institute). Current as: AFAN. Also as: IZAY (beetles). Armenia.

Australian National University, Canberra. Includes: Gauba Collection and fossils from Commonwealth Paleontological Collection (CPC). Current as: ANU V (fossils). Australian Capital Territory. Australia.

Australian National Wildlife Collection, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Canberra. Note: founded in 1966. Current as: ANWC. Australian Capital Territory. Australia.

Australian Museum, Sydney. Formerly: Colonial Museum Sydney (1827–1836). Includes: fish types and herps from Macleay Museum, University of Sydney (MAMU, MMS, MMUS, MU). Obsolete as: AM, A.M. Current as: AMS (fishes, herps), AM-F (fossils). New South Wales. Australia.

Private collection of Richard Wells, Katoomba. Also known as: Australian Zoological Museum. New South Wales. Australia.

Gallery of Natural History and Native Art, Medlow Bath. New South Wales. Australia.

Fossil collection of the Geological Survey of New South Wales, Maitland. Current as: GSNSW (fossils). New South Wales. Australia.

Macleay Museum, University of Sydney, Sydney. Note: fish type specimens and herps transferred to Australian Museum, Sydney (AMS). Current as: MAMU. Also as: MMS, MMUS, MU. See also: AMS. New South Wales. Australia.

Macquarie University, Department of Biological Sciences, North Ryde. New South Wales. Australia.

University of Newcastle, Newcastle. New South Wales. Australia.

University of Wollongong, Wollongong. New South Wales. Australia.

Animal Industry Branch, Northern Territory Administration, Alice Springs. Northern Territory. Australia.

Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory, Darwin. Formerly: Northern Territory Museum of Arts & Sciences. Includes: fluid collections of Museum of Central Australia (NTM A/S) and Arid Zone Research Institute (AZRI), Alice Springs. Current as: NTM (fishes, herps). Also as: NT, MAGNT. Northern Territory. Australia.

Museum of Central Australia, Alice Springs. Includes: collections of Conservation Commission of the Northern Territory (CAWC). Note: fluid collections transferred to and re-cataloged at Museums and Art Galleries of the Northern Territory (NTM), Darwin. Also as: CAM (fishes), NTM-A/S (herps). Northern Territory. Australia.

Queensland Amateur Fishing Clubs Association, Inc. Formerly: Amateur Fisheries Association of Queensland. Note: most specimens transferred to Queensland Museum (QM). Queensland. Australia.

Australian Age of Dinosaurs Fossil Museum of Natural History, Winton. Current as: AOD F (fossils). Also as: AODF (fossils). Queensland. Australia.

Fisheries Branch, Department of Primary Industries & Fisheries Queensland, Brisbane. Queensland. Australia.

Griffith University, Brisbane. Queensland. Australia.

Geological Survey of Queensland Fossil Collection, Brisbane. Note: some fossils transferred to Queensland Museum (QM). Current as: GSQ (fossils). Queensland. Australia.

Queensland Museum, Centre for Biodiversity, Brisbane. Includes: collection from Department of Harbours & Marine, Brisbane (DHMB); specimens from Queensland Amateur Fishing Clubs Association (AFAQ) and Queensland National Parks and Wildlife Service (QP); fossils from Geological Survey of Queensland (GSQ). Obsolete as: QMB. Current as: QM F (fossils), QM I (fishes), QM J (herps). Also as: QMF, QMI, QMJ. Queensland. Australia.

Flinders University, Adelaide. South Australia. Australia.

South Australian Department of Mines Fossil Collection, Adelaide. Current as: SADME (fossils). South Australia. Australia.

South Australian Museum, Adelaide. Current as: SAMA. Also as: SAM (fossils). South Australia. Australia.

Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation, National Research Collections Australia, Australian National Fish Collection (ANFC), Hobart. Includes: fishes from Tasmanian Fisheries Development Authority, Hobart (TFDA) added in 1985. Note: collection formerly held at CSIRO Marine Labs, Sydney (MLS), move to Hobart in 1984 and known as I.S.R. Munro Ichthyological Collection (1984–1999). Current as: CSIRO (fishes). Tasmania. Australia.

Queen Victoria Museum & Art Gallery (QVMAG), Launceston. Obsolete as: QVMT. Current as: QVM (fishes, herps). Tasmania. Australia.

Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery, Hobart. Includes: most specimens from Tasmanian Inland Fisheries Commission, Hobart (TIFC), added in 2000s. Current as: TMH. Also as: TMAG. Tasmania. Australia.

University of Tasmania, Department of Geology Fossil Collection, Hobart. Current as: UTAS (fossils). Tasmania. Australia.

Geological Survey of Victoria, Melbourne. Current as: GSV (fossils). Victoria. Australia.

Department of Zoology, Monash University, Melbourne. Current as: MUZ (fossils). Victoria. Australia.

Museums Victoria, Melbourne. Also known as: Melbourne Museum. Formerly: National Museum of Victoria. Current as: NMV (fishes, herps), NMV P (fossils). Also as: NMVD (herps). Victoria. Australia.

University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne. Current as: MUGD (fossils, Department of Geology and Mineralogy). Victoria. Australia.

Geological Survey of Western Australia, East Perth. Note: early fossil collection housed in Western Australian Museum (WAM) and separated from WAM collection by Irene Crespin ca. 1964. Current as: GSWA F (fossils). Western Australia. Australia.

University of Western Australia, Crawley. Note: amphibian specimens transferred to Western Australian Museum (WAM); audio recordings of frogs curated by Centre of Excellence in Natural Resource Management, University of Western Australia, Albany Campus (CENRM). Current as: UWA (fossils, Edward de Courcy Clarke Earth Science Museum). Western Australia. Australia.

Western Australian Museum, Welshpool, Perth. Includes: amphibian specimens from University of Western Australia, Crawley (UWA). Current as: WAM (fishes, herps, fossils). Also as: WAMAG (fossils). Western Australia. Australia.

Private collection of John Dwyer. Note: reptile collector for Taronga Zoo, Sydney; status unknown. Australia.

Private collection of M. Ward (herps). Australia.

Museum Niederösterreich [Lower Austria Museum], St. Pölten. Formerly: Landesmuseum Niederösterreich [Lower Austria State Museum]. Current as: NOLM (fossils). Niederösterreich [Lower Austria]. Austria.

Biologiezentrum, Oberösterreichisches Landesmuseum, Linz. Current as: OLL. Also as: BZL. Oberösterreich [Upper Austria]. Austria.

Haus der Natur Salzburg, Salzburg. Current as: HNS (sharks). Salzburg. Austria.

Universalmuseum Joanneum, Graz. Also known as: Styrian Provincial Museum Joanneum. Formerly: Landesmuseum Joanneum from 1811–2009. Obsolete as: LIG, LJG, LMJ, LMJG, SLMJ (fossils). Current as: UMJGP (fossils). Steiermark [Styria]. Austria.

Institut für Geologie [Department of Geology], Universität Innsbruck [University of Innsbruck], Innsbruck. Current as: Innsb (fossils). Tyrol. Austria.

inatura—Erlebnis Naturschau Dornbirn, Dornbirn. Current as: IEND (sharks). Vorarlberg. Austria.

Geologische Bundesanstalt [Geological Survey of Austria], Wien [Vienna]. Obsolete as: GBW. Current as: GBA (fossils). Also as: GBAW (fossils). Wien [Vienna]. Austria.

Institut für Paläontologie, Universität Wien, Wien [Vienna]. Obsolete as: UWPI. Current as: IPUW (fossils), UNIVIE EMRG (ichthyological collection, Department of Palaeontology). Also as: PIUW (fossils). See also: ZCUV (fishes, herps). Wien [Vienna]. Austria.

Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis, Wien [Vienna]. Note: no longer extant. Wien [Vienna]. Austria.

Naturhistorisches Museum, Wien [Vienna]. Includes: Hof-Naturalien-Cabinet (HNC), predecessor of Naturhistorisches Museum. Obsolete as: NHMV, NMWGP (fossils). Current as: NMW (fishes, herps), NHMW (fossils, geologisch-paläontologische Abteilung). Wien [Vienna]. Austria.

Zoological Collection, Department für Theoretische Biologie, Universität Wien, Wien [Vienna]. Formerly: Institut für Zoologie. Current as: ZCUV (fishes, herps). Also as: IZUW, ZIUW. See also: IPUW. Wien [Vienna]. Austria.

Caspian Biological Station, Institute of Zoology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku. Obsolete as: CBS. Current as: CBSIZA. Azerbaijan.

Institute of Zoology, Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences, Baku. Obsolete as: ZIAZ, IZA. Current as: IZAB. Also as: IZBA (entomology). Azerbaijan.

National Museum of the Bahamas, Antiquities, Monuments and Museums Corporation, Marsh Harbour, Abaco Island. Current as: NMB (fossils). Bahamas.

Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI), Riverine Station, Moishadi. Chandpur. Bangladesh.

University of Chittagong, Chittagong. Note: separate museums in Department of Zoology (DOZ, CU), Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries (IMSF; formerly Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography from 1971 to 1983) and Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences (IFES). Obsolete as: MMSF (fishes), CUZ (herps). Current as: CU preceded by catalog number (herps, Department of Zoology), CUMSF (fishes, Institute of Marine Sciences), IFESCU (herps, Institute of Forestry and Environmental Sciences), IMSFCU (herps, Institute of Marine Sciences and Fisheries). Chittagong. Bangladesh.

Zoology Department, University of Dhaka, Dhaka [ex Dacca]. Current as: DU (fishes). Dhaka. Bangladesh.

Aquatic Bioresource Research Laboratory, Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Fisheries and Aquaculture, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka [ex Dacca]. Current as: FBGN-SAU_F (fishes). Dhaka. Bangladesh.

Jahangirnagar University Herpetological Group, Zoology Department, Jahangirnagar University, Savar. Current as: JUHG (herps). Dhaka. Bangladesh.

Trudovoy Slavy Museum, Soligorsk [Salihorsk]. Current as: BKM (fossils). Belarus.

Geological Museum of Belarusian State University, Minsk. Current as: BSUM (fossils). Belarus.

Elasmobranch Research Belgium, Bonheiden. Includes: fossil collection of Frederik H. Mollen, Berlaar. Current as: ERB (fishes, fossils). Antwerp. Belgium.

Institut royal des Sciences naturelles de Belgique [Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen (KBIN, KNMB), Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS)], Brussels. Formerly: Musée royal d'Histoire naturelle de Belgique (MRHN) [Koninklijk Natuurhistorisch Museum van België], created in 1846. Obsolete as: IRScNB, ISBN, ISNB, ISNM, KNMB, MRHN, RIB. Current as: IRSNB (fishes, herps, fossils). Also as: KBIN (sharks, herps, birds), RBINS (fossils). Brussels. Belgium.

Muséum de Zoologie et d'Anthropologie, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels. Brussels. Belgium.

Royal Museum for Central Africa [Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale (MRAC), Koninklijk Museum voor Midden-Afrika (KMMA)], Tervuren. Also known as: Tervuren Museum, AfricaMuseum. Formerly: Musée du Congo (1898–1908), Musée du Congo belge [Museum van Belgisch Congo] (1908–1952), Musée royal du Congo belge [Koninklijk Museum van Belgisch Congo] (1952–1960). Obsolete as: KMMA, MRAC, MT, RG, RGMC, RMAC. Current as: RMCA (fishes, herps, fossils). Flemish Brabant. Belgium.

Université de Liège, L'Aquarium “Dubuisson” et le Musée de Zoologie, Liège. Liège. Belgium.

S.G.A. Nago collection housed at University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou [Kutonu]. Current as: GAN (herps). Bénin.

Laboratoire d'Hydrobiologie et d'Aquaculture, Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques, Université d'Abomey Calavi, Cotonou [Kutonu]. Bénin.

Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo, Bermuda Zoological Society, Flatts Village. Formerly: Bermuda Natural History Society. Obsolete as: BZS, BNHS. Current as: BAMZ (fishes). Bermuda.

Laboratory Collection, College of Natural Resources, Royal University of Bhutan, Punakha. Current as: CNR (fishes). Punakha. Bhutan.

Centro de Investigacíon de Recursos Aquáticos, Universidad Técnica del Beni, Trinidad. Current as: CIRA-UTB (fishes). Beni. Bolivia.

Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Mayor, Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca [University of Saint Francis Xavier], Chuquisaca. Chuquisaca. Bolivia.

Museo de Historia Natural Alcide d'Orbigny, Cochabamba [Quchapampa]. Includes: fish collection assembled by Unidad de Limnología y Recursos Acuáticos, Universidad Mayor de San Simón (UMSS). Current as: MHNC, MHNCA (amphibians), MHNC-R (reptiles). Cochabamba. Bolivia.

Universidad Mayor de San Simón, Cochabamba [Quchapampa]. Current as: CBG (herps, Centro de Biodiversidad y Genética), UMSS (fishes). Also as: CBGR (herps). Cochabamba. Bolivia.

Colección Boliviana de Fauna, Museo Nacional de Historia Natural and Instituto de Ecología de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz. Obsolete as: CFB. Current as: CBF (fishes, herps). La Paz. Bolivia.

Museo de Historia Natural “Pedro Villalobos” (MHNPV), Centro de Investigación y Preservación de la Amazonía, Universidad Amazónica de Pando, Cobija. Nicolás Suárez. Bolivia.

Museo de Historia Natural Noel Kempff Mercado, Universidad Autónoma Gabriel René Moreno, Santa Cruz de La Sierra. Obsolete as: MNKM, NK, NKA. Current as: MNKP (fishes), MNKR (reptiles), MNKA (amphibians). Santa Cruz. Bolivia.

Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales Bolivianos paleontology collection, Centro de Tecnología Petrolera (CTP), Santa Cruz. Note: fossils specimens are the property of CTP (YPFB), but on loan to Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN) for curation and study. Current as: YPFB Pal (fossils). Santa Cruz. Bolivia.

Museo Nacional Paleontológico-Arqueológico, Tarija [San Bernardo de la Frontera de Tarixa]. Formerly: Museo Universitario de Tarija (MUT). Current as: MNPA-V (fossil vertebrates). Tarija. Bolivia.

Zemaljski Muzej Bosne i Hercegovine [National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina], Sarajevo. Current as: ZMBH (fishes, herps), BHSP (fossils). Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Botswana National Museum, Gaborone. Note: uncataloged herp specimens cited using field numbers (e.g., KHH). Current as: BNM (herps). Botswana.

Southern African Development Community, Global Environment Facility, Gaborone. Current as: SADC/GEF (fishes). Botswana.

Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco. Current as: UFAC (herps, fossils, campus Rio Branco). See also: UFACF (campus Floresta). Acre. Brazil.

Universidade Federal do Acre, Campus da Floresta, Cruzeiro do Sul. Current as: UFACF (herps, campus Floresta). See also: UFAC (campus Rio Branco). Acre. Brazil.

Museu de História Natural da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió. Current as: MUFAL (herps), UFAL (fishes). Alagoas. Brazil.

Instituto de Pesquisas Científicas e Tecnológicas do Estado do Amapá, Macapá. Note: mistakenly associated with “Instituto de Ensino Profissional da Amazônia” (Andrade et al., 2016:2). Current as: IEPA (fishes, herps). Amapá. Brazil.

Fundação de Medicina Tropical do Amazonas, Manaus. Formerly: Instituto de Medicina Tropical (IMTM). Obsolete as: IMTM (herps). Current as: FMT (herps). Amazonas. Brazil.

Instituto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável Mamirauá, Tefé. Current as: IDSM (fishes). Amazonas. Brazil.

Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus. Current as: INPA-ICT (fishes), INPA-H (herps). Amazonas. Brazil.

Coleção Herpetológica de Referência do Centro de Ecologia e Conservação Ambiental, Universidade Católica do Salvador, Salvador. Bahia. Brazil.

Centro de Investigações de Animais Venenosos, Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana. See also: MZFS. Bahia. Brazil.

Coleção de Referência do Vale do São Francisco, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus VIII, Paulo Afonso. Current as: CRVS (fishes). Bahia. Brazil.

Coleção Zoológica Gregório Bondar (CZGB), Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira (CEPLAC). Note: collection transferred to MZUESC in 2012. Current as: CZGB (herps). See also: MZUESC. Bahia. Brazil.

Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana (UEFS), Feira de Santana. Note: SUEFS (Sonoteca do Laboratório de Animais Peçonhentos e Herpetologia) used for sound recordings. Obsolete as: LIUEFS (Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Ciências Biológicas), MZUEFS, UEFS. Current as: MZFS (fishes, Divisão de Peixes), MZFS-DAR (herps, Divisão de Anfíbios e Répteis). See also: CIAVE. Bahia. Brazil.

Coleção Herpetológica do Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Ilhéus. Includes: Coleção Zoológica Gregório Bondar (CZGB), added in 2012. Current as: MZUESC (herps). See also: CZGB. Bahia. Brazil.

Projeto Tamar, São João da Mata. Note: non-profit organization administered by Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio). Current as: TAMAR (fishes). Bahia. Brazil.

Coleção de Anfíbios, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia, Vitória da Conquista. Bahia. Brazil.

Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador. Note: reptile collection properly founded in 1987. Current as: UFBA (fishes, herps). Also as: CRMZUFBA (reptiles), MZUFBA (Museu de Zoologia). Bahia. Brazil.

Centro de Pesquisas Paleontológicas da Chapada do Araripe, Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral, Crato. Current as: CPCA (fossils). Ceará. Brazil.

Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas, Pentecoste. Note: status of collection unknown, some fishes transferred to MZUSP. Ceará. Brazil.

Museu de Paleontologia Plácido Cidade Nuvens, Santana do Cariri. Current as: MPSC (fossils). Ceará. Brazil.

Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza. Obsolete as: LCM (Laboratório de Ciências do Mar). Includes: collections transferred from Grupo de Estudo de Elasmobrânquios do Ceará (ELACE) (ELC, Chondrichthyes) and Departamento de Engenharia de Pesca (CIDEP-UFC, Coleção Ictiológica). Current as: DBUFC (Coleção Ictiológica do Departamento de Biologia, Campus do Pici), LABOMAR (Coleção Ictiológica do Instituto de Ciências do Mar), CHUFC (herps, Coleção Herpetológica do Departamento de Biologia e Núcleo Regional de Ofiologia [NUROF-UFC], Campus do Pici). Also as: UFC (herps), UFC A (amphibians). Ceará. Brazil.

Universidade Regional do Cariri, Crato. Current as: URCA-H (herps, Coleção Herpetológica). Ceará. Brazil.

Universidade de Brasília, Brasília. Current as: CIUnB (Coleção Ictiológica), CHUNB (Coleção Herpetológica). Distrito Federal. Brazil.

Coleção Zoológica Norte Capixaba, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), São Mateus. Note: collection separate from UFES. Current as: CZNC (fishes). See also: UFES. Espírito Santo. Brazil.

Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica (INMA), Coleção Zoológica, Santa Teresa. Formerly: Museu de Biologia Professor Mello Leitão, established in 1949. Current as: MBML (fishes, herps). Espírito Santo. Brazil.

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), Vitória. Note: collection separate from CZNC. Obsolete as: ZUFES. Current as: CIUFES (fishes, Coleção Ictiológica), UFES (herps). Also as: CI-UFES (fishes). Espírito Santo. Brazil.

Centro de Estudos e Pesquisas Biológicas, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Goiânia. Includes: specimens from faunal rescues associated with Usina Hidrelétrica de Serra da Mesa (UHESM) and Usina Hidrelétrica de Corumbá (UHEC). Current as: CEPB (herps), UHESM & UHEC (herps housed at CEPB). Also as: PUC-GO (herps). Goiás. Brazil.

Coleção Zoológica da Universidade Federal de Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia. Current as: ZUFG (herps). Also as: UFG (herps). Goiás. Brazil.

Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Campus do Bacanga, São Luís. Note: presumably includes fishes deposited in Coleção de Peixes do Departamento de Oceanografia e Limnologia (CPDOL). Obsolete as: HUFMA (herps). Current as: CHUFMA (herps), CPUFMA (fishes), UFMA (fossils). See also: UFMA-CCAA. Maranhão. Brazil.

Universidade Federal do Maranhão (UFMA), Centro de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais, Chapadinha. Note: fish collection began in 2015, made official in 2016. Current as: CICCAA (fishes, Coleção Ictiológica), CHMA (herps, Coleção Herpetológica “Claude d'Abbeville”). See also: UFMA. Maranhão. Brazil.

Laboratory of Ichthyology and Limnology, Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso (UNEMAT), Campus de Nova Xavantina. Current as: LILUNX (fishes). Mato Grosso. Brazil.

Coleção Zoológica de Vertebrados, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá. Current as: CPUFMT (fishes, Coleção de Peixes), UFMT (herps), UFMT-R (reptiles). Mato Grosso. Brazil.

Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Câmpus do Pantanal, Corumbá. Current as: CEUCH (herps). See also: ZUFMS. Mato Grosso do Sul. Brazil.

Centro de Estudos em Recursos Naturais (CERNA), Laboratório de Ecologia, Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul, Dourados. Current as: CPUEMS (fishes, Coleção de Peixes). Mato Grosso do Sul. Brazil.

Coleção Zoológica da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande. Current as: ZUFMS-PIS (fishes), ZUFMS-AMP (amphibians), ZUFMS-REP (reptiles). See also: CEUCH. Mato Grosso do Sul. Brazil.

(see Addendum)

Centro de Pesquisas Paleontológicas “Llewellyn Ivor Price”, Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), Peirópolis, Uberaba. Obsolete as: CPP (fossils). Current as: CPPLIP (fossils). Minas Gerais. Brazil.

Fundação Ezequiel Dias, Belo Horizonte. Current as: FUNED (herps). Minas Gerais. Brazil.

Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CCT-UFMG), Belo Horizonte. Current as: IGC-P (fossils). See also: UFMG (fishes, herps). Minas Gerais. Brazil.

Laboratório de Genética da Conservação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC-MG), Belo Horizonte. Current as: LGC (fishes). See also: MCN. Minas Gerais. Brazil.

Laboratório de Zoologia dos Vertebrados, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto. Current as: LZV (herps). Also as: LZVUFOP (herps). Minas Gerais. Brazil.

Museu de Ciências Naturais, Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais (PUC-MG), Belo Horizonte. Obsolete as: PUCMG (herps). Current as: MCNAM (amphibians), MCNIP (fishes), MCNR (reptiles), MCL (fossils). See also: LGC. Minas Gerais. Brazil.

Museu de Zoologia “João Moojen de Oliveira”, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa. Obsolete as: UFV (herps). Current as: MZUFV (herps). Also as: CHUV (herps). Minas Gerais. Brazil.

Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Zoologia, Juiz de Fora. Current as: UFJF (fishes). Minas Gerais. Brazil.

Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras. Current as: CIUFLA (fishes, Coleção Ictiológica). Also as: CI-UFLA (fishes). Minas Gerais. Brazil.

Centro de Coleções Taxonômicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (CCT-UFMG), Belo Horizonte. Obsolete as: MHNI (fishes). Current as: UFMG (herps), DZUFMG (fishes, Departamento de Zoologia). See also: IGC (fossils). Minas Gerais. Brazil.

Museu de Biodiversidade do Cerrado, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia. Note: museum opened in 2000; teaching collection transferred to Parque Municipal Victório Siquierolli in 2002. Current as: AAG-UFU (amphibians). Also as: MBC, MBC-UFU (entomology), UFU (herps). Minas Gerais. Brazil.

Laboratório de Ictiologia do Grupo de Ecologia Aquática, Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), Belém. Current as: GEA (fishes). Pará. Brazil.

Laboratório de Ictiologia de Altamira, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Altamira. Current as: LIA (fishes). Pará. Brazil.

Linha de Pesquisa em Herpetologia da Amazônia, Laboratório de Pesquisas Zoológicas (LPZ), Faculdades Integradas do Tapajós, Santarém. Current as: LPHA (herps). Pará. Brazil.

Museu Paraense “Emilio Goeldi”, Belém. Note: federal research institution within the Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology and Communication (MCTIC). Current as: MPEG (fishes, herps), MPEG-V (fossils). Pará. Brazil.

Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Santarém. Current as: UFOPA-I (fishes, Coleção de Peixes). Pará. Brazil.

Centro de Assistência Toxicológica da Paraíba, Hospital Universitário Lauro Wanderley Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa. Current as: CEATOX-PB (herps). Paraíba. Brazil.

Laboratório de Herpetologia, Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, Campus de Patos, Patos. Current as: LHUFCG (herps). Paraíba. Brazil.

Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa. Current as: CHUFPB (herps, Coleção Herpetológica), UFPB (fishes). Also as: CIUFPB (fishes, Coleção Ictiológica). Paraíba. Brazil.

Coleção de Herpetologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba. Current as: DZUP (herps). Paraná. Brazil.

Museu de História Natural do “Capão da Imbuia”, Curitiba. In error as: MHNCL, MNHCI. Current as: MHNCI (fishes, herps). Paraná. Brazil.

Museu de Zoologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina. Current as: MZUEL (fishes, herps). Paraná. Brazil.

Coleção Ictiológica do Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura (NUPELIA), Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Maringá. Current as: NUP (fishes). Paraná. Brazil.

Museu de Fauna da Caatinga, Centro de Conservação e Manejo de Fauna da Caatinga (CEMAFAUNA-CAATINGA), Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), Petrolina. Current as: MFCH (herps). Pernambuco. Brazil.

Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Main Campus, Recife. Includes: Museu de Oceanografia “Prof. Petrônio Alves Coelho” (MOUFPE), formerly known as Instituto de Biologia Marinha e Oceanografia, Jaboatão dos Guararapes (1952–1968) and Laboratório de Ciências do Mar/LACIMAR (UFP) (1968–1973). Current as: LDUFPE (herps, Laboratório Didático), DGEO-CTG-UFPE (fossils, Coleção Científica Paleontológica do Departamento de Geologia, Centro de Tecnologia e Geociências). Pernambuco. Brazil.

Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Recife. Current as: UFRPE (fishes), CHP-UFRPE (herps, Coleção Herpetólogica e Paleoherpetólogica). Also as: CHUFRPE (herps). Pernambuco. Brazil.

Universidade Federal do Piauí, Teresina. Current as: UFPI (fishes), UFPI PV (fossils). Piauí. Brazil.

(see Addendum)

Coleção de Paleontologia do Museu de Ciências da Terra (MCT), Serviço Geológico do Brasil (CPRM), Ministério de Minas e Energia, Rio de Janeiro. Formerly: Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral (DNPM), Divisão de Geologia e Mineralogia (DGM). Note: established within Serviço Geológico e Mineralógico do Brasil (SGB, SGM) in 1907; Departamento Nacional de Produção Mineral (DNPM) created in 1934, incorporated into Ministério das Minas e Energia in 1960, and dissolved into Companhia de Pesquisas e Recursos Minerais (CPRM) in 1969–70; collections formally named Museu de Ciências da Terra (MCT) in 1992; CPRM became federal public company functioning as Serviço Geológico do Brasil in 1994–95 and responsible for management of MCT in 2012. Obsolete as: DNPM, SGB, SGM (fossils). Current as: DGM (fossils). Also as: DGM-DNPM, MCT (fossils). Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.

Coleção Eugênio Izecksohn, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica. Current as: EI (fishes, herps). Also as: EI-UFRRJ. See also: UFRRJ. Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.

Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro. Current as: IOC (herps). Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.

Instituto Vital Brazil, Niterói. In error as: IVP (herps). Current as: IVB (herps). Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.

Laboratório de Biodiversidade de Recursos Pesqueiros, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Note: collection of marine fishes separate from main collection at UFRJ; current status unknown. See also: UFRJ. Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.

Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. Includes: Adolpho Lutz Herpetological Collection (AL-MN, maintained separately), and Carlos Alberto Gonçalves da Cruz private collection (CAGC) assembled at Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). Note: collection separate and distinct from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ/ZUFRJ); entomological, arachnid, mollusk and fossil collections stored at São Cristóvão Palace in Quinta da Boa Vista, Museu Nacional's main building, were largely destroyed by fire on 2 Sep 2018. Current as: MNRJ (fishes, herps), MNTI (fish tissue collection), MNLM (vertebrate DNA extract collection), MN (fossils). Also as: DGP (fossils, Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia), MNUFRJ (fossils). Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.

Instituto de Biodiversidade e Sustentabilidade, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Macaé. Formerly: Núcleo em Ecologia e Desenvolvimento Sócio-Ambiental (NUPEM). In error as: NUPEM. Current as: NPM (fishes). Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcântara Gomes (IBRAG), Departamento de Ensino de Ciências e Biologia (DECB), Vila Isabel, Rio de Janeiro. Formerly: Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal (DBAV.UERJ) until 2002. Current as: UERJ (fishes), Pz.UERJ (fossils). Also as: PNT.UERJ (fishes), UERJ-PMB (fossils, Paulo M. Brito collection). Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.

Universidade Federal Fluminense, Rio de Janeiro. Current as: LNEP-UFF (Laboratório de Biologia do Nécton e Ecologia Pesqueira), UFF (fossils). Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biologia, Rio de Janeiro. Includes: herp collection of Sérgio Potsch Carvalho e Silva (SPCS), Departamento de Zoologia. Note: collection distinct from Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ). Current as: UFRJ (fishes, Laboratório de Sistemática e Evolução de Peixes Teleósteos), ZUFRJ (herps). See also: LBRP (Laboratório de Biodiversidade de Recursos Pesqueiros), UFRJ-DG (fossils), COPPE-UFRJ (fossils). Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.

Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Geociências, Departamento de Geologia (DEGEO), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro. Current as: UFRJ-DG (vertebrate fossil collections). See also: COPPE-UFRJ (fossils), UFRJ (Recent fishes, herps). Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.

Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica. Note: Carlos Alberto Gonçalves da Cruz private collection (CAGC) at UFRRJ transferred to Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (MNRJ). See also: EI, MNRJ. Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.

Laboratório de Biossistemática de Anfíbios, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro. Current as: UNIRIO (amphibians). Rio de Janeiro. Brazil.

Departamento de Botânica, Ecologia e Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal. Current as: CHDBEZ (herps, Coleção Herpetológica), UFRN (fishes, Laboratório de Ictiologia Sistemática e Evolutiva). Also as: CIUFRN (fishes, Coleção Ictiológica), LOC-DBEZ-UFRN (fishes, Laboratório do Oceano). Rio Grande do Norte. Brazil.

Coleção Ictiológica Morevy Cheffe, Grupo Especial de proteção ao Ambiente Aquático do Rio Grande do Sul (GEEPAA-RS), Pelotas. Current as: CIMC (fishes). Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.

Centro Paleontológico, Universidade do Contestado, Mafra. Current as: CP (fossils). Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.

Museu Zoológico Augusto Ruschi, Universidade de Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo. Current as: CRUPF (herps). Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.

Museu Emígdio Pereira Martino, Santa Vitória do Palmar. Current as: EPM (fossils). Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.

Fundação Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Rio Grande. Current as: CHFURG (herps), FURG (university laboratory of ichthyology), MOFURG (Museu Oceanográfico “Professor Eliézer de Carvalho Rios”). Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.

Instituto de Ciências Naturais, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. Note: no longer extant; some specimens transferred to Departamento de Zoologia in 1978. See also: UFRGS. Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.

Museu Anchieta de Ciências Naturais, Colégio Anchieta, Porto Alegre. Current as: MAPA (fishes). Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.

Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre. Formerly: Museu Rio-Grandense de Ciências Naturais (MRCN) established in 1955. Obsolete as: MRCN, MRGS. Current as: MCN (fishes, herps), MCN-PV (fossils). Also as: FZB-RS (Coleção de Peixes), FZBRS (herps), FZRG, MCNZ (herps). Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.

Museu de Ciências e Tecnologia (MCT), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre. Includes: fishes from Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, PUCRS (LACIMAR), transferred in the 1980s. Obsolete as: LACIMAR, MCPU, MCTP. Current as: MCP (fishes, herps), MCP-PV (fossils). Also as: MCTPUCRS (herps). Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.

Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Departamento de Zoologia, Porto Alegre. Includes: fishes from general zoological collection of Instituto de Ciências Naturais (ICN). Obsolete as: DZUFRGS. Current as: UFRGS (fishes, herps). Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria. In error as: ZUFMS. Current as: UFSM (fossils), ZUFSM (herps). Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.

Universidade Luterana do Brasil, Canoas. Current as: ULBRA (fossils). Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.

Museu de História da Vida e da Terra da Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos, São Leopoldo. Current as: UMVT (fossils). Rio Grande do Sul. Brazil.

Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Porto Velho. Current as: UFRO-I (fishes), UFRO-H (herps, Coleção de Referencia da Herpetofauna). Also as: UFRO-ICT (fishes). Rondônia. Brazil.

Assessoria para Meio Ambiente, ELETROSUL, Florianópolis. Note: fish collection assembled by Manuel Pereira de Godoy, presumably no longer extant. Also as: AMA-Electrosul (fishes). See also: EEBP, MHNP (Godoy fishes). Santa Catarina. Brazil.

Fundação Universidade Regional de Blumenau, Blumenau. Current as: FURB (herps). Santa Catarina. Brazil.

Museu Oceanográfico Univali, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, Balneário Piçarras. Also known as: Museu Oceanográfico do Vale do Itajaí. Includes: private collection of Jules M.R. Soto (JMRS) and Museu de Ciências Naturais (MCNC), Centro de Estudos Bio-Ecológicos Costeiros, Limnológicos e Marinhos (CEBECLIM) in Porto Alegre, annexed by Universidade do Vale do Itajaí in 1993. Current as: MOVI (fishes, herps). Santa Catarina. Brazil.

Departamento de Ecologia e Zoologia (ECZ), Centro de Ciências Biológicas (CCB), Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis. Note: CAUSC was previously assigned to collections in Centro de Ciências Agrarias at UFSC and is presumably obsolete. Obsolete as: CAUSC. Current as: NEMAR (fishes, coleção Ictiológica de Referência do Núcleo de Estudos do Mar), CHUFSC (herps, Coleção Herpetológica). Santa Catarina. Brazil.

Acervo Zoológico da Universidade Santa Cecília, Santos. Current as: AZUSC (fishes). São Paulo. Brazil.

Coleção Célio Fernando Baptista Haddad, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Campus de Rio Claro. Current as: CFBH (amphibians). See also: LGP (fishes), MHE (fossils). São Paulo. Brazil.

Coleção Biológica “Prof. Edmundo F. Nonato” do Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Cidade Universitária. Note: most specimens (mainly fish larvae and invertebrates) held prior to 2012 by the Instituto Oceanográfico and cited as IOUSP are now lost, including types of leptocephali described by Luiz Roberto Tommasi (1960). Obsolete as: IO, IOUSP. Current as: ColBIO (uncataloged fish larvae and invertebrates). São Paulo. Brazil.

Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Campus de São José do Rio Preto. Current as: DZSJRP (fishes, herps, Departamento de Zoologia e Botânica), URP (fossils). São Paulo. Brazil.

Estação Experimental de Biologia e Piscicultura de Pirassununga, Ministério da Agricultura, Pirassununga. Note: established in 1942, EEBP became Centro de Pesquisa e Treinamento em Aquicultura in 1979 which was renamed Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Peixes Tropicais in 1993, then Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Peixes Continentais (CEPTA) in 2000; CEPTA administered by Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) since 2007; EEBP fish collection assembled by Otto Schubart, Alcides Lourenço Gomes, Felisberto Pinto Monteiro, Manuel Pereira de Godoy and others mostly discarded in 1990s except for a few lots transferred under Godoy's supervision to Museu de História Natural, Pirassununga (MHNP), at least 3 lots transferred to MZUSP in 1994, and 151 lots (19 with EEBP catalog numbers) now cataloged at LIRP. See also: AMA, MHNP, LIRP (Godoy fishes). São Paulo. Brazil.

Coleção Herpetológica “Alphonse Richard Hoge”, Instituto Butantan, São Paulo. Note: destroyed by fire 15 May 2010. Obsolete as: IB, IBH. Current as: IBSP. São Paulo. Brazil.

Instituto Pinheiros Produtos Terapêuticos S.A., São Paulo. Note: collection no longer extant; herp specimens divided among several institutions including Museu de Ciências Naturais, Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (MCN). Also as: IPSP. São Paulo. Brazil.

Laboratório de Biologia e Genética de Peixes, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Campus de Botucatu. Current as: LBP (fishes). São Paulo. Brazil.

Laboratório de Genética de Peixes, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” UNESP), Campus de Rio Claro. Current as: LGP (fishes). See also: CFBH (amphibians), MHE (fossils). São Paulo. Brazil.

Laboratório de Ictiologia de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras (FFLCRP), Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto. Includes: ∼65 lots formerly associated with Estação Experimental de Biologia e Piscicultura de Pirassununga (EEBP). Current as: LIRP (fishes). See also: LPRP (fossils). São Paulo. Brazil.

Laboratório de Ictiologia Sistemática, Departamento de Ecologia e Biologia Evolutiva (DEBE), Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos. Current as: LISDEBE (fishes). São Paulo. Brazil.

Laboratório de Paleontologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto. Current as: LPRP (fossils). Also as: LPRP/USP (fossils). See also: LIRP (fishes). São Paulo. Brazil.

Museu de Minerais e Rochas “Heinz Ebert”, Departamento de Petrologia e Metalogenia (DPM), Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas (IGCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Campus de Rio Claro. Note: Museu de Paleontologia e Estratigrafia “Prof. Dr. Paulo Milton Barbosa Landim” (URC) is separate museum in Departamento em Geologia Aplicada (DGA), IGCE. Obsolete as: MMR/UFU. Current as: MHE (fossils, DPM), URC (fossils, DGA). See also: CFBH (amphibians), LGP (fishes). São Paulo. Brazil.

Museu de História Natural, Pirassununga. Note: private museum and collection of Manuel Pereira de Godoy currently administered by Godoy family (no public access); includes some Godoy fishes formerly deposited at Estação Experimental de Biologia e Piscicultura de Pirassununga (EEBP) and potentially Assessoria para Meio Ambiente, ELETROSUL, Florianópolis (AMA). See also: AMA, EEBP, LIRP (Godoy fishes). São Paulo. Brazil.

Museu de História Natural de Taubaté, Taubaté. Current as: MHNT (fossils). See also: TAU. São Paulo. Brazil.

Museu de Paleontologia “Prof. Antonio Celso de Arruda Campos”, Monte Alto. Also known as: Museu de Paleontologia de Monte Alto. Current as: MPMA (fossils). São Paulo. Brazil.

(see Addendum)

Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo. Formerly: Museu Paulista (MPSP). Includes: collection of Instituto de Zootecnia, Secretaria da Agricultura [formerly Departamento de Zoologia, Museu Paulista (DZSASP)] and Werner C. A. Bokermann herp collection (WCAB). Obsolete as: DZ, DZSASP, DZUSP, MZSP, MSP, MPSP, MZP. Current as: MZUSP (fishes, herps), CTMZ (tissue collection). Also as: MZict (fish tissues). São Paulo. Brazil.

Núcleo de Pesquisa e Estudo em Chondrichthyes, Santos. Current as: NUPEC (fishes). São Paulo. Brazil.

Universidade de Taubaté, Taubaté. Current as: TAU (fishes), CCLZU (herps, Laboratório de Zoologia). See also: MHNT (fossils). São Paulo. Brazil.

Elasmobranchs Collection, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP), Câmpus do Litoral Paulista, São Vicente. Current as: UNESP-CLP (fishes). Also as: UNE-SP-CLP. São Paulo. Brazil.

Universidade de Guarulhos, Guarulhos. Current as: UNG (fossils). São Paulo. Brazil.

Museu de Zoologia da Universidade Estadual de Campinas “Adão José Cardoso”, Campinas. Current as: ZUEC (fishes, herps). Also as: ZUEC-PIS (fishes), ZUEC-REP (reptiles). São Paulo. Brazil.

Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Aracaju. Current as: UFS (fishes), CHUFS (herps, Coleção Herpetológica). Sergipe. Brazil.

Universidade Federal do Tocantins (UFT), Porto Nacional. Current as: UNT (fishes). Tocantins. Brazil.

Brunei Museum [Muzium Brunei], Kota Batu, Bandar Seri Begawan. Current as: BMKB. Brunei.

Universiti Brunei Darussalam Museum, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Bandar Seri Begawan. Obsolete as: UBD. Current as: UBDM (fishes, herps). Brunei.

Department of Hydrobiology and Ichthyology, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia. Also as: BFSU. Bulgaria.

Museum of Natural History, Varna. Bulgaria.

National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia. Formerly: National Zoological Museum (NZMS). Current as: NMNHS (fossils). Also as: IZ-BAS, IZBAN (fossils, Institute of Zoology), NZMS. Bulgaria.

Centre Voltaique de la Recherche Scientifique, Ouagadougou. Burkina Faso.

Musée National de Burkina Faso, Mnistère de la Culture, des Arts et du Tourisme, Ouagadougou. Formerly: Musée de Haute Volta [Upper Volta]. Burkina Faso.

Centre Régional de Recherches en Hydrobiologie Appliquée, Bujumbura. Note: sponsored by Belgian government from 1992–1995. Burundi.

Center for Biodiversity Conservation, Royal University of Phnom Penh (RUPP), Phnom Penh. Current as: CBC (herps). Phnom Penh. Cambodia.

Inland Fisheries Research and Development Institute, Phnom Penh. Current as: IFReDI (fishes). Phnom Penh. Cambodia.

MacEwan University, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton. Formerly: Grant MacEwan University. Current as: MUBS. Alberta. Canada.

Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton. Current as: RAM. Alberta. Canada.

Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology, Drumheller. Obsolete as: RTMP (fossils). Current as: TMP (fossils). Alberta. Canada.

University of Alberta, Laboratory for Vertebrate Paleontology, Edmonton. Current as: UALVP (fossils). See also: UAMZ (Recent fishes, herps). Alberta. Canada.

University of Alberta, Museum of Zoology, Edmonton. Obsolete as: UAZM. Current as: UAMZ (Recent fishes, herps). See also: UALVP (fossils). Alberta. Canada.

Royal British Columbia Museum, Victoria. Obsolete as: BCPM (British Columbia Provincial Museum). Current as: RBCM. British Columbia. Canada.

University of British Columbia, Cowan Vertebrate Museum [part of Beaty Biodiversity Museum], Vancouver. Also as: UBCBBM. British Columbia. Canada.

The Manitoba Museum, Winnipeg. Formerly: Manitoba Museum of Man and Nature. Obsolete as: MMMN. Current as: MM (fishes, herps). Also as: TMM (online database). Manitoba. Canada.

Stewart-Hay Memorial Museum, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg. Formerly: Museum of Zoology. Current as: MZF (fishes), MZH (herps). Manitoba. Canada.

Atlantic Reference Centre, Saint Andrews. Current as: ARC (fishes). New Brunswick. Canada.

New Brunswick Museum, Saint John. Current as: NBMG (fossils, Geology). New Brunswick. Canada.

Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Newfoundland and Labrador Region, St. John's. Newfoundland. Canada.

Memorial University, Department of Biology, St. John's. Newfoundland. Canada.

Nova Scotia Museum, Halifax. Nova Scotia. Canada.

Centre for Biodiversity Genomics (CBG), University of Guelph, Guelph. Current as: BIOUG (fishes, herps). Ontario. Canada.

Canadian Museum of Nature, Ottawa. Formerly: National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada (NMC). Includes: collections of Victoria Memorial Museum Building (VMMB) and Nunavut Fossil Vertebrate Collection (NUFV). Obsolete as: CMN FI, NMC, VMMB. Current as: CMNFI (fishes), CMNAR (herps), CMNFV (fossil vertebrates). Ontario. Canada.

Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa. Current as: GSC (fossils). Ontario. Canada.

Ministry of Natural Resources, Toronto. Ontario. Canada.

Royal Ontario Museum, Department of Natural History, Toronto. Note: formally created in 1912, opened to public in 1914. Current as: ROM (fishes, herps, fossils). Ontario. Canada.

Wilfrid Laurier University, Department of Biology, Waterloo. Ontario. Canada.

Direction Generale des Pêches Maritimes, Ministere de l'Industrie et du Commerce, Quebec. Quebec. Canada.

Musée d'histoire naturelle, Parc national de Miguasha. Current as: MHNM (fossils). Quebec. Canada.

Ministère du Tourisme de la Chasse et de la Pêche, Montreal. Quebec. Canada.

Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal. Current as: RM. Quebec. Canada.

Saskatchewan Museum of Natural History, Regina. Saskatchewan. Canada.

Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento das Pescas, Mindelo, island of São Vicente. Current as: INDP (fishes). Cape Verde.

Centre d'Etude Pêches, Service des eaux et forêts du Tchad, Fort-Lamy [now N'Djamena]. Chad.

Centre National d'Appui à la Recherche, N'Djamena. Current as: CNAR (fossils). Chad.

Colección Zoológica de Zonas Áridas y Andinas, Universidad de Tarapacá, Arica. Current as: CZZA (herps). Arica. Chile.

Colecciones Paleontológicas, Departamento de Ciencias de la Tierra, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción. Current as: CPUC (fossils). See also: MZUC (fishes, herps). Concepción. Chile.

Museo de Historia Natural de Concepción, Concepción. Current as: MRC (herps). Concepción. Chile.

Museo de Zoología de la Universidad de Concepción, Concepción. Formerly: Instituto de Zoología de la Universidad de Concepción (IZUC). Current as: MZUC (herps). Also as: IZUC, MUZUC, MZUC-UCCC. See also: CPUC (fossils). Concepción. Chile.

Museo Paleontológico de Caldera, Caldera. Current as: MPC (fossils). Copiapó. Chile.

Museo Regional de Atacama, Copiapó. Current as: MRA (herps). Copiapó. Chile.

Sala de Colecciones Biológicas de la Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo. Current as: SCBUCN (fossils). Elqui. Chile.

Museo de Historia Natural e Histórico de San Antonio, San Antonio. Current as: MUSA (fossils). San Antonio. Chile.

Centro de Investigaciones Zoológicas, Departamento de Ciencias Ecológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago. Note: collections lost when institution closed during military dictatorship. Santiago. Chile.

Laboratorio de Biología, Universidad de Chile, Santiago. Note: lab closed ca. 1998 with specimens transferred to Museo Nacional de Historia Natural (MNHNC) and some fishes to University of Kansas (KU). Santiago. Chile.

Laboratory of Limnology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago. Note: laboratory collection of fishes (Orestias) maintained by Irma Del Carmen Vila Pinto since 2003; some specimens transferred to Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago (MNHNC). Santiago. Chile.

Museo Nacional de Historia Natural, Santiago. Includes: fish collections from the Universidad de Chile, Santiago, including Departamento de Biología Celular y Genética (DBCG, DBCUCH, DBGUCH), Facultad de Ciencias Forestales (FFSUC) and Laboratorio de Biología (LBUCH). Current as: MNHNC (fishes, herps), SGO-PV (fossils, Colección de Paleontología de Vertebrados, Área de Paleontología). Also as: MNHNCL, MNHNCH, MNHN-Stg. Santiago. Chile.

Servicio Nacional de Geológia y Minero, Santiago. Current as: SNGM (fossils). Santiago. Chile.

Colección de Flora y Fauna Patricio Sánchez Reyes, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago. Current as: SSUC (herps). Santiago. Chile.

Instituto de Zoología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia. Current as: IZUA. Valdivia. Chile.

Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Centro de Investigaciones del Mar, Valparaíso. Valparaíso. Chile.

Estación de Biología Marina de Montemar, Universidad de Valparaíso, Viña del Mar, Valparaíso. Valparaíso. Chile.

Museo de Historia Natural de Valparaíso, Valparaíso. Note: original museum founded by Eduardo de la Barra in 1878 and largely destroyed by earthquake and fire in 1906; remains of collection moved to Santiago and returned to Valparaíso in 1912. Current as: MHNV. Valparaíso. Chile.

School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei. Anhui. China.

Huangshan University Museum, Huangshan. Current as: HSU (herps). Also as: HUM (herps). Anhui. China.

Beijing Museum of Natural History, Dongcheng District, Beijing. Formerly: National Central Museum of Natural History (1951–1962). Current as: BMAM (Recent fishes), BMNHC (fossils). Also as: BMNH (fossils), CNHM (herps), NHBM (fishes). Beijing. China.

National Geological Museum of China, Beijing. Current as: GMC V (fossils). Also as: GMV, NGMC (fossils). Beijing. China.

Geological Museum of Peking University, Beijing. Formerly: Geological Showroom of Peking University founded in 1909, renamed Geological Exhibition Hall in 1923, and incorporated into Peking Geology College in 1952; Geological Museum re-established in 1955. Current as: GMPKU (fossils). Also as: PKUP (fossils, Peking University Paleontological Collections). Beijing. China.

Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences [Academia Sinica], Beijing. Current as: IGCAGS (fossils). Also as: CAGS-IG. Beijing. China.

Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Academia Sinica], Beijing. Formerly: Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology (1957–1960). Current as: IVPP V (vertebrate fossils). See also: NZMC (Recent fishes, herps). Beijing. China.

National Zoological Museum, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Academia Sinica], Chaoyang District, Beijing. Formerly: Fan Memorial Institute of Biology (FMIB, ZMFIB, ZMFMIB; 1928–1962), Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica [Chinese Academy of Sciences] (ASIZB, IZAC, IZAS). Obsolete as: CAS, FMIB, IOZ, IOZCAS, IZAC, IZAS, ZMFIB, ZMFMIB. Current as: NZMC. Also as: ASIZB, IZAC (mammals). See also: IVPP (fossils). Beijing. China.

Chongqing Museum of Natural History, Chongqing. Also known as: Municipal Museum of Chongqing. Current as: CFEC (fossils). Also as: CNHM (amphibians), CV (fossils). Chongqing. China.

Qijiang Petrified Wood and Dinosaur Footprint National Geological Park Museum, Chongqing. Formerly: Geological Museum of Qijiang Municipality Bureau of Land Resources and Housing Management (QJGM). Current as: QJGPM (fossils). Also as: QJGM (fossils). Chongqing. China.

Department of Nature, Fujian Provincial Museum, Fuzhou. Fujian. China.

Fujian Normal University, Department of Biology, Fuzhou. Fujian. China.

Jimei University, Fisheries College, Xiamen. Formerly: Xiamen Fisheries College. Fujian. China.

Zoological Museum, Department of Biology, College of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen. Formerly: University of Amoy. Fujian. China.

Department of Biology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou. Gansu. China.

Fossil Research and Development Center, Lanzhou. Current as: FRDC (fossils). Gansu. China.

Gansu Geological Museum, Lanzhou. Current as: GSGM (fossils). Gansu. China.

Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou. Current as: NWSD (herps). Gansu. China.

Dexu Institute of Paleontology, Chaozhou. Current as: DIP-V (vertebrate fossils). Guangdong. China.

Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou [Canton]. Guangdong. China.

Department of Biology, Jinan [Ji-Nan] University, Guangzhou [Canton]. Current as: JNU (fishes). Also as: DBJU, JNH. Guangdong. China.

Nanxiong County Bureau of Land and Resources, Shaoguan. Current as: NCBLR (fossils). Guangdong. China.

Nanxiong Dinosaur Museum, Shaoguan. Current as: NDM (fossils). Guangdong. China.

Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou [Canton]. Formerly: Fishery Experimental Station Canton (FESC). In error as: PFRI. Obsolete as: FESC. Current as: PRFRI (fishes). Guangdong. China.

South China Normal University, School of Life Science, Guangzhou [Canton]. Obsolete as: DBSCNU (Department of Biology), FCSCNU. Current as: SCNU. Guangdong. China.

South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou [Canton]. In error as: SSCFRI. Current as: SCSFRI. Guangdong. China.

Museum of Biology, Sun Yat-Sen University [Zhongshan University], Guangzhou [Canton]. Formerly: Chung Shan University which incorporated Lingnan University in 1953. Note: status unknown for collections of Lingnan University Natural History Survey and Museum (LNHSM or LUG). Obsolete as: BLG (fishes), SYSU, ZLSYU. Current as: SYS (fishes, herps). Guangdong. China.

Yangmeikeng tracksite, Shaoguan. Current as: YMK (fossils). Guangdong. China.

Longgang National Nature Reserve, Longzhou [Chongzuo]. Guangxi. China.

Guangxi Institute of Fisheries, Nanning. Obsolete as: GXIF. Current as: GIF (fishes). Guangxi. China.

Department of Biology, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning. Formerly: Guangxi Medical College (GMC). Obsolete as: GMC. Current as: GMU. Also as: GMXU and GXMU (amphibians). Guangxi. China.

College of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin. Also as: GXNU. Guangxi. China.

College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning. Guangxi. China.

Guangxi Maoershan National Nature Reserve collection, Guilin. Obsolete as: GXMESGXUA. Current as: MESH. Guangxi. China.

Natural History Museum of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning. Current as: NHMG (herps, fossils). Also as: GXNHM (amphibians), NHMGZAR (fishes). See also: GMU. Guangxi. China.

Bijie College, Bijie. Current as: BJC (herps). Guizhou. China.

Guanling Fossil Group National GeoPark, natural history museum, Guanling Buyei and Miao Autonomous County. Also known as: National Geological Park for the Guanling Fossil Group (NGPGFG). Note: established in 2003; located on Wolonggang Hill near Xiaowa Village. Obsolete as: NGPGFG. Current as: GFGNG (fossils). Guizhou. China.

National Kweiyang Medical College, Division of Biology, Kweiyang. Note: present status unknown. Guizhou. China.

Zunyi Medical College, Department of Biology, Zunyi. Obsolete as: TMC. Current as: ZMC (herps). Also as: ZMCZ. Guizhou. China.

Guizhou Normal University, Animal Specimen Room of the School of Life Sciences, Guiyang. Obsolete as: GZNU (herps). Current as: GNUG. Also as: GZNULS (entomology). Guizhou. China.

Department of Biology, Hainan Normal University, Haikou. Hainan. China.

Jehol Paleontological Museum, Chengde. Current as: JPM (fossils). Hebei. China.

Museum of Hebei University, Baoding. Current as: MHBU (spiders). Hebei. China.

Geological Museum of Heilongjiang, Harbin. Current as: GMH (fossils). Heilongjiang. China.

Heilongjiang River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin. Obsolete as: HRFRI. Current as: HFRI (fishes). Heilongjiang. China.

Heilongjiang Provincial Museum, Harbin. Note: established in 1904 and presumably listed as North Manchurian Museum (NMMH) in Leviton et al. (1985:813). Assigned here: HPM (fossils). Heilongjiang. China.

Shenzhou Dinosaur Museum, Jiayin Dinosaur National Geological Park, Jiayin County. Current as: J (fossils). Heilongjiang. China.

North Manchurian Museum, Harbin. Note: museum listed by Leviton et al. (1985:813) presumably refers to the Heilongjiang Provincial Museum (HPM). Heilongjiang. China.

Henan Geological Museum, Zhengzhou. Note: codes HAII and HIII are collection codes, not the institutional code (HGM). Current as: HGM (fossils). Henan. China.

Henan Biological Specimen Museum, College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang. Formerly: Xinxiang Normal College (XNC) ca. 1956–1985. Also as: HENNU (amphibians). Henan. China.

Henan University of Science and Technology Museum, Luoyang. Formerly: Luoyang Institute of Technology (1952–2002). Current as: HSTUM (herps). Henan. China.

Hong Kong Fisheries Research Station, Aberdeen. Note: formerly with University of Hong Kong, Department of Zoology (1952–1960). Hong Kong. China.

Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Hong Kong. Current as: KFBG (herps). Hong Kong. China.

Simon F.S. Li Marine Science Laboratory, Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (CUHK), Sha Tin [Shatin]. Formerly: Marine Science Laboratory (MSL, 1970–2002). Obsolete as: MSL, MSLH. Current as: MSLKHC. Also as: CUHK. Hong Kong. China.

Stephen Hui Geological Museum, The University of Hong Kong (HKU), Hong Kong. Current as: SHGM (fossils). See also: SWIMS. Hong Kong. China.

Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Cape d'Aguilar Road, Shek O, Hong Kong. Note: division of Hong Kong University School of Biological Science. Current as: SWIMS (fishes). See also: SHGM. Hong Kong. China.

College of Fishery, Huazhong Agriculture Collection, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan. Hubei. China.

Hubei Geological Museum, Wuhan. Current as: HGM (fossils). Hubei. China.

Museum for Aquatic Organisms, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Academia Sinica], Wuhan. Includes: specimens from Zhuhai Fisheries Science Research Institute (ZX). Note: established in 1950 via merger involving Institute of Zoology of Academia Sinica located in Shanghai (ZIAS); relocated to Wuhan in 1954. Obsolete as: IHASW, IHBCAS, IHCAS. Current as: IHB (fishes). Hubei. China.

Wuhan Centre of China Geological Survey, Wuhan. Current as: WGSC V (fossils). Hubei. China.

Yuan'an Geological Museum, Yuan'an County, Yichang. Current as: YAGM V (fossils). Hubei. China.

Yunxian Dinosaur Eggs National Geological Park, Shiyan. Also known as: Qinglong Mountain Dinosaur Egg Fossils Park; Qinglongshan Dinosaur Egg National Geopark (QDENG); Qinglongshan National Geopark. Current as: TML (fossils in Tumiaoling in-situ exhibition hall), YDENGP (hadrosauroid fossils from Lijiagou locality). Hubei. China.

Wuhan Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Wuhan. Formerly: Yichang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Yichang. Current as: YIGMR (fossils). Also as: YIGM (fossils). Hubei. China.

Fisheries Research Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha. Hunan. China.

Management Bureau of Hunan Hupingshan National Nature Reserve, Shimen County. Current as: HHNNR (fishes). Hunan. China.

Zoological Museum of Hunan Normal University, Changsha. Current as: HNUL. Also as: HNU, HNNU, HNNUL. Hunan. China.

Erlianhaote Dinosaur Museum, Erenhot [Erlian]. Also known as: Dinosaur Museum of Erenhot. Current as: ELDM (fossils). Inner Mongolia. China.

Inner Mongolia Museum, Hohhot. Inner Mongolia. China.

Long Hao Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Hohhot. Current as: LH V (vertebrate fossils). Inner Mongolia. China.

Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing. Obsolete as: JS. Current as: FFRIJ. Jiangsu. China.

Nanjing Museum, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Academia Sinica], Nanjing. Formerly: Metropolitan Museum of Natural History. Jiangsu. China.

Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Academia Sinica [Chinese Academy of Sciences], Nanjing. Formerly: Geographic Institute of China (1940–1953). Obsolete as: NIG, NIGL, NGI. Current as: NIGLAS. See also: NIGP (fossils). Jiangsu. China.

Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Academia Sinica (NIGPAS) [Chinese Academy of Sciences], Nanjing. Note: fossil collection descended from Institute of Geology founded in 1928. Obsolete as: GMN, MV. Current as: NIGP (fossils). Also as: NIGPCAS. See also: NIGLAS (fishes). Jiangsu. China.

Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing. Obsolete as: NNC, NNU (herps). Current as: NJNU (herps). Also as: NJNUh (herps). Jiangsu. China.

National Research Institute of Biology, Academia Sinica [Chinese Academy of Sciences], Nanjing. Formerly: Museum of the Biological Laboratory of the Science Society of China (SSCN), established in 1922. Also as: SSCN. Jiangsu. China.

Jilin University Museum, Changchun. Note: as of 2000, Jilin University is a merger of multiple universities including Changchun University of Science and Technology (CUST). Current as: JLUM (fossils). Also as: CAD (Department of Paleontology and Stratigraphy, fossils), CUST (fossils associated with Changchun University of Science and Technology), RCPS CDA (Research Center of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy). Jilin. China.

Beipiao Paleontological Museum, Beipiao. Also known as: Liaoning Paleontological Museum (LPM), but that name also applied to separate museum in Shenyang. Obsolete as: LPM. Current as: BPM (fossils). See also: PMOL. Liaoning. China.

Benxi Geological Museum, Benxi. Current as: BXGM (fossils). Liaoning. China.

Chaoyang Bird Fossil National Geopark, Chaoyang. Also known as: Bird Fossil National Geological Park. Current as: CYH (fossils). Also as: CYGB. Liaoning. China.

Dalian Fisheries Institute, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian. Also known as: Liaoning Marine Fisheries Research Institute. Liaoning. China.

Jinzhou Museum of Paleontology, Jinzhou. Obsolete as: JMP. Current as: JZMP (fossils). Liaoning. China.

Jizantang Paleontological Museum, Chaoyang. Note: some fossils donated to Shanghai Natural History Museum (SNHM). Obsolete as: CJPM. Current as: JZT (fossils). Liaoning. China.

Paleontological Museum of Liaoning, Shenyang. Also known as: Liaoning Paleontological Museum (LPM), but that name also applied to separate museum in Beipiao. Note: museum on campus of Shenyang Normal University. Obsolete as: LPM. Current as: PMOL (fossils), PMOL-SGP (fossils, Sino-German Cooperation Project). See also: BPM. Liaoning. China.

Research Institute for Freshwater Fisheries of Liaoning Province, Liaoyang. Liaoning. China.

Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang. Current as: SYNU (herps). Liaoning. China.

Xinghai Paleontological Museum of Dalian, Dalian. Also known as: Dalian Natural History Museum. Obsolete as: D, DLNM, DMNH, DNHM, DNM. Current as: XHPM (fossils). Liaoning. China.

Yizhou Fossil Museum, Yixian. Current as: YHZ (fossils). Liaoning. China.

Ningxia University, Yinchuan. Ningxia Hui. China.

Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Academia Sinica [Chinese Academy of Sciences], Xining. Obsolete as: NPIB. Current as: NWIPB. Qinghai. China.

Shaanxi Nature Museum, Xi'an [Xian]. Current as: GSW (fossils). Shaanxi [Shensi]. China.

Institute of Zoology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an [Xian]. Current as: IZSNU. Also as: DBSNU (Department of Biology), SNUIZ (fishes). Shaanxi [Shensi]. China.

Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi'an [Xian]. Also known as: Northwest Institute of Endangered Zoological Species. Note: established in 1978 based on Shaanxi Institute of Biology and the SAS Survey Team for Qinling Biological Resources. Current as: IZSX. Also as: SIZ (herps). Shaanxi [Shensi]. China.

Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University (NWAFU), Yangling. Note: established in 1999 via merger of seven institutions including Northwest Forestry College (NCF); much of historical herp collection, including holotype of Oligodon ningshaanensis Yuan 1983, lost due to inactivity. Obsolete as: NCF. Current as: NAFU (herps). Shaanxi [Shensi]. China.

Private collection of Marco Endruweit, Qingdao. Shandong. China.

Institute of Oceanology, Academia Sinica [Chinese Academy of Sciences], Qingdao. Formerly: Nanhai Oceanographic Institute. Note: Marine Biological Museum founded in 1950. Obsolete as: ASIO, NOI. Current as: IOCAS (fishes). Also as: MBM or MBMCAS (Marine Biological Museum). Shandong. China.

Ocean University of China [Haida], Qingdao. Shandong. China.

College of Earth Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao. Current as: SDUST (fossils). Shandong. China.

Shandong Tianyu Museum of Nature, Pingyi. Current as: STM (fossils). Shandong. China.

Ludong University, Yantai. Formerly: Yantai Normal College (1958–1984) and University (1984–2006). Shandong. China.

Zhucheng Dinosaur Museum, Zhucheng. In error as: ZDCM (fossils). Current as: ZCDM (fossils). Shandong. China.

Laboratory of the Biology Department, Shanghai Science Institute, Shanghai. Note: present status unknown. Shanghai. China.

Dong Hai [Donghai] Fishery Research Institute, Shanghai. Shanghai. China.

East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science (CAFS), Shanghai. Shanghai. China.

Fudan University, Department of Biology, Shanghai. In error as: Fujian University (Wallach et al., 2014; holotype of Trimeresurus tibetanus is from Fudan University). Also as: FDU (herps). Shanghai. China.

Shanghai Ocean University (SHOU, SOU), Shanghai. Formerly: Shanghai Fisheries College (SFC, 1952–1985), Shanghai Fisheries University (SFU, 1985–2008). Obsolete as: SFC. Current as: SFU. Shanghai. China.

Shanghai Natural History Museum, Jing'an, Shanghai. Note: established in 1956 based on collections from the Xujiahui Museum founded in 1868 (renamed Zhendan Museum in 1933) and Shanghai Museum of the Asiatic Society founded in 1874; SNHM merged with Shanghai Science and Technology Museum in 2001. Current as: SNHM. Also as: SMNH, SMNHC. Shanghai. China.

Shanxi Museum of Geology, Taiyuan. Current as: SXMG (fossils). Shanxi. China.

Chengdu Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources (CIGMRC), Chengdu. Also known as: Chengdu Center of China Geological Survey. Obsolete as: CGS. Current as: CCCGS (fossils), LPV (Luoping County Vertebrate fossil collection). Sichuan. China.

Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences [Academia Sinica], Chengdu. Formerly: Sichuan Biological Research Institute (SBRI). Obsolete as: CIS, SBRI, SERI, SIBAC (Southwest Institute of Biology), ZS. Current as: CIB. Sichuan. China.

China West Normal University, Nanchong. Current as: CWNU (herps). Sichuan. China.

Natural Resource Institute of Sichuan Province, Chengdu. Current as: NRIS (fishes). Also as: MSINR, SPNRI (fishes). Sichuan. China.

Leshan Giant Buddha Museum, Leshan. Current as: QW (fossils). Sichuan. China.

Sichuan University Museum, Chengdu. Formerly: West China Union University Museum (WCUUM). Obsolete as: WCUUM. Current as: SCUM. Sichuan. China.

Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an. Formerly: Sichuan Agricultural College (1956–1985). Note: SICAU with three campuses in Chengdu, Ya'an and Dujiangyan. Obsolete as: SAUS. Current as: SICAU (fishes, herps; Ya'an campus). Also as: SAU (fishes; Ya'an campus). Sichuan. China.

Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu. Formerly: Sichuan Teachers College (1952–1985). Current as: SNC (fishes). Also as: SCNU (herps). Sichuan. China.

Yibin University, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Yibin. Note: GP refers to personal catalogue numbers of Guo Peng. Current as: YBU (herps). Sichuan. China.

Zigong Dinosaur Museum, Zigong. Current as: ZDM (fossils). Sichuan. China.

Nankai University, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Department of Environmental Science, Museum of Zoology, Tianjin. Tianjin. China.

Tianjin Natural History Museum, Tianjin. Formerly: Musée Hoang-ho Pai-ho, founded in 1914. Tianjin. China.

Chuxiong Prefectural Museum, Chuxiong. Note: established in 1993. Current as: CPM (fossils). Also as: CXMVZA (fossils). Yunnan. China.

Fisheries Administration of Qujing, Qujing. Yunnan. China.

Fishery Administration of Qiubei, Qiubei. Current as: FAQB (fishes). Yunnan. China.

Heilongtan Reservoir Administration, Shilin County. Also as: RHLCY, RHS, HRSC, HRAS. Yunnan. China.

Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming. Current as: KIZ (fishes, herps). Yunnan. China.

Kunming Municipal Museum, Kunming. Current as: KMV (fossils). Yunnan. China.

Lufeng Dinosaur Museum, Lufeng. Current as: LDM-LCA (fossils from Lufeng County, Chuanjie Township, A'na Village), LFGT LDM (fossils associated with Bureau of Land and Resources of Lufeng County). Yunnan. China.

Middle School of the Third Factory Machinery, Luliang, Qujing. Also known as: private collection of W.X. Li (Li). Yunnan. China.

Qujing Aquatic Management Station, Qujing. Also as: YQAMS. Yunnan. China.

Southwest Forestry University, Museum of Zoology, Kunming. Formerly: Southwest Forestry College (SWFC) until 2010. Obsolete as: SFU, SWFC, SWUF. Current as: SWFU (fishes). Yunnan. China.

Yunnan Normal University, Biology Department, Kunming. Obsolete as: YU. Current as: YNUK. Yunnan. China.

Yunnan University, Department of Biology, Kunming. Formerly: Private University of the Eastern Land (1922–1934). Current as: YU (herps). Also as: MZYU. See also: YNUK (separate institution). Yunnan. China.

Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou. Zhejiang. China.

Laboratory of Fishes, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan [Chusan]. Formerly: Zhejiang Fisheries College. Zhejiang. China.

Tiantai Museum, Tiantai. Current as: TTM (fossils). Zhejiang. China.

Zhejiang University [Che Kiang University], Hangzhou. Includes: three historical universities (Hangzhou University, Zhejiang Agricultural University and Zhejian Medical University) combined with Zhejiang University in 1998. Current as: ZJU (reptiles). Also as: HU (amphibians). Zhejiang. China.

Zhejiang Museum of Natural History, Hangzhou. Formerly: West Lake Museum (WLMH, 1929–1952); Zhejiang Provincial Museum (ZPM, 1952–1984). Obsolete as: WLMH, ZH, ZPM. Current as: ZMNH (fishes, herps, fossils), ZMNH M (fossils). Zhejiang. China.

Instituto Amazónico de Investigaciones Científicas SINCHI, Leticia. Current as: CIACOL (fishes, Colección Ictiológica de la Amazonía Colombiana), SINCHI-R (reptiles). Also as: SINCHI-CIACOL (fishes). Amazonas. Colombia.

Colección de Ictiología del Instituto de Biología de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín. Note: collection separate from Museo Universitario, Universidade de Antioquia (MUA). Current as: CIUA (fishes). See also: MUA (fishes), MHUA (herps). Antioquia. Colombia.

Colección de Peces, Universidad Católica de Oriente, Rionegro. Current as: CP-UCO (fishes). Antioquia. Colombia.

Colegio de San José, Museo de Historia Natural, Medellín. Note: administered by Instituto Tecnológico Metropolitano (ITM), Biodiversidad y Recursos Naturales. Current as: CSJ-I (fishes), CSJ-H (herps). Also as: MHNCSJ (herps). Antioquia. Colombia.

Museo de Herpetología de la Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín. Note: established in 1998 and administered by Grupo Herpetológico de Antioquia (GHA). Current as: MHUA-A (amphibians), MHUA-R (reptiles), MHUA-L (larvae). See also: CIUA (fishes), MUA (fishes). Antioquia. Colombia.

Colección de Ciencias Naturales, Museo Universitario, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín. Note: collection separate from Colección de Ictiología, Universidad de Antioquia (CIUA). Current as: MUA (fishes). Also as: MUUA. See also: CIUA (fishes), MHUA (herps). Antioquia. Colombia.

Private collection of Carlos A. Ardila Rodríguez, Barranquilla. Current as: CAR (fishes). Atlántico. Colombia.

Colegio Biffi La Salle, Barranquilla. Note: small natural history collection assembled in the early to mid 1900s by Brothers of the De La Salle religious order; part of collection lost during transport to new building; current status unknown. Atlántico. Colombia.

museo de colecciones científicas, programa de Biología, Universidad del Atlántico [Uniatlántico], Barranquilla. Current as: UARC-IC (fishes). Atlántico. Colombia.

Centro de Investigaciones Pesqueras, Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables y del Ambiente (INDERENA), Cartagena. Note: INDERENA is a government environmental agency created in 1968 and replaced by Ministerio del Medio Ambiente in 1993; CIP transfered to the Instituto Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura (INPA) in 1990; status unknown, collections perhaps lost. See also: IND (Bogotá, Distrito Capital). Bolívar. Colombia.

Colección privada de la Fundación Santa Teresa de Ávila, Villa de Leyva. Current as: CFSTA (fossils). Boyacá. Colombia.

Colección privada del Centro de Investigaciones Paleontológicas, Villa de Leyva. Current as: CIP (fossils). Boyacá. Colombia.

Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Villa de Leyva. Includes: amphibian collection from Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables y del Ambiente (IND-Am); freshwater fishes (including types of Corydoras) originally deposited at Museo del Mar (MM), Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano (UBJTL/UBJTLMM) and later transferred to INVEMAR (some apparently lost during transfers). Obsolete as: IAVHP (fishes). Current as: IAvH-CB (Colecciones Biológicas), IAvH-CT (tissue collection), IAvH-P (fishes), IAvH-Am (amphibians), IAvH-R (reptiles). See also: INVEMAR. Boyacá. Colombia.

Museo de la Junta de Acción Comunal de la vereda Monquirá, Villa de Leyva. Current as: MJACM (fossils). Boyacá. Colombia.

Colecciones paleontológicas de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Villa de Leyva. Current as: UN MPVL (fossils). See also: UN ICNMHNR (Bogotá, Distrito Capital). Boyacá. Colombia.

Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales. Obsolete as: MHNUC (herps). Current as: MHN-UCa (herps). Caldas. Colombia.

Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad de la Amazonía, Florencia. Current as: UAM. Caquetá. Colombia.

Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de Cauca, Popayán. Obsolete as: UCP. Current as: MHNUC (fishes), MHNUC-Cr (Crocodylia), MHNUC-Te (Testudinata), MHNUC-Sa (Sauria), MHNUC-Se (Serpentes). Cauca. Colombia.

Colección de Referencia del Parque Nacional Natural Gorgona, Estación Científica “Henry von Prahl”, Isla Gorgona. Current as: MMGPe (fishes, Museo Marino Gorgona Peces). Also as: CR PNNG. Cauca. Colombia.

Colección Científica de Referencia Zoológica del Chocó, Universidad Tecnológica del Chocó (UTCH), Quibdó. Current as: CHbCH (fishes, Colección Hidrobiológica), COLZOOCH-H (herps, administered by Grupo de Investigaciones en Herpetología). Chocó. Colombia.

Museo de Historia Natural Andes, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá. Obsolete as: ULAB. Current as: ANDES-A (amphibians), ANDES-R (non-avian reptiles), ANDES-I (fishes). Distrito Capital. Colombia.

Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. Note: zoological collections began in 1938, fish collection in 1941. Includes: fishes collected by Cecil Miles and George Dahl. Obsolete as: I.C.N.B. (Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Bogotá), ICNMHN, ICNMNH, ICN/MHN, MHN-UNC, MHNUNC. Current as: ICN-MHN (fishes), ICN (herps). See also: UN ICNMHNR (fossils). Distrito Capital. Colombia.

Laboratoria de Fauna, Division de Fauna Terrestre, Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales Renovables y del Ambiente (INDERENA), Bogotá. Note: government environmental agency created in 1968 and replaced by Ministerio del Medio Ambiente in 1993; amphibian collection (IND-Am) transferred to Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH-Am). See also: CIP (Cartagena, Bolívar). Distrito Capital. Colombia.

Serpentario del Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá. Current as: INS-SR (herps). Distrito Capital. Colombia.

Colección de Referencia del Museo de Ciencias, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá. Current as: MCUB-R-PE (fishes), MCUB-R-RE (herps). Distrito Capital. Colombia.

Museo de Historia Natural de La Salle, Bogotá. Note: original collection destroyed by fire 9–10 Apr 1948. Obsolete as: ILS (Instituto de La Salle). Current as: MLS (fishes, herps). Distrito Capital. Colombia.

Museo Javeriano de Historia Natural “Lorenzo Uribe, S.J.”, Pontifica Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá. Current as: MPUJ (fishes). Also as: MUJ (herps). Distrito Capital. Colombia.

Museo de la Universidad Distrital Francisco José de Caldas, Bogotá. Distrito Capital. Colombia.

Museo Geológico José Royo y Gómez, Instituto de Investigaciones en Geociencias, Minería y Química, Servicio Geológico Colombiano [formerly INGEOMINAS], Bogotá. Also known as: Museo Geológico Nacional; Geological Survey of Colombia. Formerly: Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Geológico Mineras (1968–1991). Obsolete as: ING, INIGM (fossils). Current as: SGC (fossils) followed by a variety of collection codes (e.g., DON, IGMp, IPN, MP, OB, RB, VL). Also as: DON (fossils), IGM, IGMp (fossil sharks), IPN-EAC, MGJRG IPN and IPN/MGJRG (fossil turtles). Distrito Capital. Colombia.

Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Departamento de Geociencias, Colecciones paleontológicas, Bogotá. Obsolete as: UN-DG. Current as: UN ICNMHNR (fossils). See also: ICN-MHN (Instituto de Ciencias Naturales), UN MPVL (fossils, Villa de Leyva, Boyacá). Distrito Capital. Colombia.

Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras “José Benito Vives de Andréis”, Museo de Historia Natural Marina de Colombia (MHNMC), Rodadero Sur, Santa Marta. Formerly: Instituto Colombo-Alemán de Investigaciones Científicas Punta de Betín (ICAL, 1963–1974); Colección de Referencia de Organismos Marinos del Invemar (CRM, 1974–1994). Includes: marine fishes from Colección del Museo del Mar (MM), Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano (UBJTL/UBJTLMM), some apparently lost during transfer; marine fishes from INDERENA (received from IAvH). Current as: INVEMAR PEC (fishes cited in publications) and INV PEC (specimen labels and publications). Also as: INVEMAR, INVEMAR-P, INVEMAR-PEC & INV-PEC (fishes), MHNMC (IAvH registry). See also: IAvH. Magdalena. Colombia.

Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad de Nariño, San Juan de Pasto. Nariño. Colombia.

Colégio San José de Pamplona, Pamplona. Also as: SJP. Norte de Santander. Colombia.

Universidad del Quindío, Armenia. Current as: IUQ (fishes, Laboratorio de Ictiología, Departamento de Biología), HERPETOS-UQ (herps, Centro de Estudios e Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Biotecnología [CIBUQ]). Quindío. Colombia.

Colección Ictiológica de César A. Castellanos-Corporación Autónoma para la Defensa de la Meseta de Bucaramanga, Bucaramanga. Current as: CAC-CDMB (fishes). Santander. Colombia.

Museo del Colegio San José de Guanentá, San Gil. Santander. Colombia.

Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga. Current as: UIS-T (fishes), UIS-R (reptiles). Also as: UIST (fishes). Santander. Colombia.

Colección Zoológica, Universidad del Tolima, Ibagué. Current as: CZUT-IC (fishes). Tolima. Colombia.

Colección Zoológica de Referencia Cientifica, Museo de Ciencias Naturales Federico Carlos Lehmann Valencia del INCIVA, Cali. Formerly: Museo Departamental de Historia Natural de Cali (1963–1974). Includes: some of Cecil Miles' fishes from Museo Ictiológico de la Escuela Superior de Agricultura Tropical (E.S.A.T.), Cali, and Facultad de Agronomía del Departamento del Valle del Cauca, Palmira (now part of Universidad Nacional de Colombia); Miles' collection largely lost due to flood in 1980 and subsequent burial (48 lots unearthed in 1983 and eventually returned to IMCN). Note: Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Cali and Jardín Botánico Juan María Céspedes merged in 1979 to form Instituto Vallecaucano de Investigaciones Científicas (INCIVA), renamed Instituto para la Investigación y Preservación del Patrimonio Cultural y Natural del Valle del Cauca in 2000 (abbreviation INCIVA retained). In error as: ICMN (fishes). Current as: IMCN (fishes). Also as: INCIVA (fishes). Valle del Cauca. Colombia.

Universidad del Valle (Univalle), Cali. Note: herps in teaching collection sometimes cited as CD (Colección Vertebrados de Docencia), separate from UVC (Coleccion de Anfibios y Reptiles). Obsolete as: UV, UV-C. Current as: CIRUV (fishes, Colección Ictiológica de Referencia), CIR-LV-UV (larval fishes, Colección de referencia de Biología Marina), UVC (herps). Valle del Cauca. Colombia.

Centre de Recherche en Hydrobiologie, Uvira [formerly in Zaire]. Current as: CRH (fishes). Also as: CRHU. Sud-Kivu. Congo (DRC).

Institut National de Recherche en Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Brazzaville. Current as: IRSEN (herps). Sud-Kivu. Congo (RC).

Private collection of Alejandro Solórzano, Serpentario Nacional de Costa Rica, San José. San José. Costa Rica.

Instituto “Clodomiro Picado”, research unit of Universidad de Costa Rica, Coronado. Also as: MICP (herps). San José. Costa Rica.

Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, San José. San José. Costa Rica.

Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro de Montes de Oca. Current as: UCR (fishes, herps). Also as: MZUCR (herps). San José. Costa Rica.

Collection Laboratoire d'Hydrobiologie lagunaire, Abidjan. Note: collection cited by Daget (1965) and presumably associated with Université de Cocody, formerly a campus of the University of Abidjan and renamed Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny in 2012. See also: UFHB. Côte d'Ivoire.

Research Collection of N'Goran Germain Kouamé, Department of Biology and Animal Physiology, Jean Lorougnon Guédé University, Daloa. Current as: NG (herps). Côte d'Ivoire.

Collection de la section Pêche et Pisciculture lagunaires des Eaux et Forêts, Abidjan. Note: collection cited by Daget (1965); status unknown. Assigned here: PPEF. Côte d'Ivoire.

Collection de la Station de Recherches Piscicoles de Bouaké, Bouaké. Note: collection cited by Daget (1965) and presumably associated with Université de Boukaé, formerly a campus of the University of Abidjan; status unknown. Assigned here: STPB. Côte d'Ivoire.

Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, U.F.R Biosciences, Laboratoire d'Hydrobiologie et d'Écotoxicologie des eaux (LHETE), Abidjan. Formerly: Université Nationale de Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan (UAIC, UACI), Université de Cocody, Université de Cocody-Abidjan (UCA). Note: presumably includes collections associated with Laboratoire d'Hydrobiologie lagunaire (LHUC). Obsolete as: UAIC, UACI. Current as: UFHB. Côte d'Ivoire.

Oceanographic and Fisheries Institute, Dubrovnik. Current as: IORD (fishes). Dubrovnik-Neretva. Croatia.

Dubrovnik Natural History Museum, Dubrovnik. Dubrovnik-Neretva. Croatia.

Centar za istraživanje mora, Institut Ruđer Bošković [Center for Marine Research, Rudjer Boskovic Institute], Rovinj. Also known as: Center for Marine Research Rovinj; Rovinj Marine Station. Note: established in 1891 as field station of Berlin Zoological Garden and Aquarium; original institute demolished and collections transferred to Italy during WWII with historical specimens extant at Stazione Idrobiologica, Chioggia. Current as: CMRI (fishes). Also as: CMRR (bryozoans). Istria. Croatia.

Prirodoslovni muzej Rijeka [Natural History Museum Rijeka], Rijeka. Current as: PMR. Also as: NHMR (herps), PMR VP (fishes). Primorje-Gorski Kotar. Croatia.

Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Split. Current as: SE-IOR (fishes). Also as: IOR (fishes). Split-Dalmatia. Croatia.

Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej [Croatian Natural History Museum], Zagreb. Includes: Hrvatski narodni zoološki muzej (HZM) [Croatian National Zoological Museum] and Geološko-paleontološki muzej [Geological-Palaeontological Museum], both descended from Narodni muzej [National Museum] established in 1846; Croatian Biospeleological Society Collection (CBSS); personal collection of Primož Zupančič (PZC). Obsolete as: HZM. Current as: CPZM (fishes). Also as: CNHM (fishes, herps, fossils). Zagreb. Croatia.

Hrvatsko društvo za biološka istraživanja [Croatian Biological Research Society], Croatian Institute for Biodiversity, Zagrebu. Current as: HDBI. Zagreb. Croatia.

Zoologijski zavod, Prirodoslovno-matematički fakultet, Sveučilišta u Zagrebu [Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb], Zagrebu. Obsolete as: ZU, ZZSZ. Current as: PMF (fishes). Also as: ZIUZ (fishes, herps). Zagreb. Croatia.

Museo de Historia Natural Carlos de la Torre y Huerta, Holguín. Current as: MHNCT. Also as: MHNH (herps). Holguín. Cuba.

Acuario Nacional de Cuba, La Habana [Havana]. Includes: fish collection from Centro de Colecciones Naturales Marinas (CCNM), Instituto de Oceanología, Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, La Habana (IdO, IOH) transferred in 2005; fishes from Orlando H. Garrido (OHG). Current as: ANC (fishes, Colección de Peces), IdO (fishes, Instituto de Oceanología). La Habana. Cuba.

Private collection of Alberto R. Estrada, La Habana [Havana]. La Habana. Cuba.

Colecciones Zoológicas de la Academia de Ciencias de Cuba, Instituto de Ecología y Sistemática (IES), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente (CITMA), La Habana [Havana]. Includes: Charles T. Ramsden hepetological collection (CTR); herps from Orlando H. Garrido (OHG). Note: created in 1987 to house specimens formerly in Instituto de Zoología (IZ or IZAC) and its predecessor, Instituto de Biología (IB); IB & IZ specimens recataloged with new CZACC numbers. Current as: CZACC (herps). Also as: IES (herps), IZAC (fishes). La Habana. Cuba.

Departamento de Zoologia, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana [Havana]. See also: MFP. La Habana. Cuba.

Museo y Biblioteca de Zoología, La Habana [Havana]. Note: current status unknown. La Habana. Cuba.

Museo de Historia Natural Felipe Poey, Universidad de La Habana, La Habana [Havana]. Also known as: Museo Felipe Poey. Formerly: Museo de Historia Natural de la Real y Pontificia Universidad de La Habana established in 1842. Obsolete as: UHMP (fishes). Current as: MFP (fishes, herps). See also: DZUH (Departamento de Zoologia). La Habana. Cuba.

Museo Nacional de Historia Natural de Cuba, La Habana [Havana]. Formerly: Museo de Ciencias Felipe Poey (1962–1980), preceded by Museo Cubano de Ciencias Naturales (1959–1961). Includes: herps from Ansel Fong G. (AFG). Current as: MNHNCu (herps, fossils). La Habana. Cuba.

Private fish and herp collection of Orlando H. Garrido, La Habana [Havana]. Note: some herps deposited at CZACC and some fishes at ANC. La Habana. Cuba.

Private herp collection of Ansel Fong G. Note: some specimens deposited at BSC and MNHNCu. Santiago de Cuba. Cuba.

Herpetological Collection of Centro Oriental de Ecosistemas y Biodiversidad (BIOECO), Museo de Historia Natural “Tomás Romay”, Santiago de Cuba. Includes: herps from Ansel Fong G. (AFG). Current as: BSC.H (herps). Santiago de Cuba. Cuba.

Cyprus Museum of Natural History, Dali. Note: established in 1996 by Photos Photiades Foundation. Assigned here: KMΦI (Kυπριακó Moυσεío Φυσικς Iστoρíας). Cyprus.

Private herp collection of Bohumil Král, Brně [Brno]. Note: based on publications; whereabouts of collection unknown. Jihomoravský [South Moravian]. Czech Republic.

Moravské zemské muzeum [Moravian Museum], Brně [Brno]. Also known as: Mährische Landesmuseum. Obsolete as: LMB. Current as: MMB (fishes, herps), MZM Ge (fossils). Also as: MMB-Ge (fossils). Jihomoravský [South Moravian]. Czech Republic.

Vlastivědné muzeum v Olomouci, Olomouc. Current as: VMO (sharks). Olomoucký [Olomouc]. Czech Republic.

Chlupáč's Museum of Earth History, Univerzita Karlova [Charles University], Praha [Prague]. Also known as: Chlupáčovo muzeum historie Země. Includes: collection of Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Univerzita Karlova [Charles University]. Obsolete as: DP-FNSP, DPFNSP (fossils, Department of Paleontology). Current as: CHMHZ (fossils). See also: CUP (Recent fishes, herps). Praha [Prague]. Czech Republic.

Univerzita Karlova [Charles University], Praha [Prague]. Includes: fish types of Vadim Vladykov. Obsolete as: DZCHU, ZICU, ZICUP. Current as: CUP (fishes, herps). See also: CHMHZ (fossils). Praha [Prague]. Czech Republic.

Národní muzeum [National Museum], Praha [Prague]. Formerly: Patriotic Museum, Bohemian Museum, Museum of the Bohemian Kingdom. Includes: fish types of Vadim Vladykov. Obsolete as: MHP, MNHP. Current as: NMP (fishes), NMP-P6V (herps). Also as: NMP6V (The Reptile Database). Praha [Prague]. Czech Republic.

Private collection of Jörg Bohlen, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Liběchov. Current as: SJB (fishes). Středočeský [Central Bohemian]. Czech Republic.

Muzeum města Ústí nad Labem [Municipal Museum of Ústí nad Labem], Ústí nad Labem [Aussig]. Current as: MMUL. Ústí nad Labem [Ústecký]. Czech Republic.

Oblastní muzeum v Mostě, Mostě [Most]. Current as: OMM (fossils). Ústí nad Labem [Ústecký]. Czech Republic.

Sbírky geologie Doly Bílina [Bílina Mines Geology Collection], Bílina Mine Headquarters, Bílina. Also known as: geological collection of the Bílina opencast mine. Current as: SGDB (fossils). Also as: DB (fossil fishes). Ústí nad Labem [Ústecký]. Czech Republic.

Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Laboratory of Fish Genetics, Liběchov. Current as: IAPG (fishes). Středočeský [Central Bohemian]. Czech Republic.

Den Blå Planet, National Aquarium Denmark, Kastrup. Current as: DBP (fishes). Denmark.

Marine Biological Laboratory, Københavns Universitet [University of Copenhagen], Copenhagen. See also: NHMD. Denmark.

Naturhistorisk Museum Aarhus, Århus [Aarhus]. Current as: NHMA (all collections). Denmark.

Statens Naturhistoriske Museum (SNM), Københavns Universitet [Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen], Copenhagen. Note: established in 2004 via merger of Botanic Garden, Botanical Museum and Library, Geological Museum [Museum Geologicum Universitatis Hafniensis (MGUH)] and Zoological Museum [Zoologisk Museum (ZMUC)]. Obsolete as: UZM, UZMK. Current as: ZMUC-P (fishes), ZMUC-R (herps), MGUH.VP (fossils). Also as: NHMD (fossils). See also: MBLC (Marine Biological Laboratory). Denmark.

Museo del Hombre Dominicano, Santo Domingo. Current as: MHD (fossils). Dominican Republic.

Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Professor Eugenio de Jesús Marcano, Santo Domingo. Current as: MNHNSD (fishes, herps). Dominican Republic.

Museo de Zoología, Universidad del Azuay (UDA), Cuenca. Obsolete as: UDAR, Z00A.V.Pe. (fishes). Current as: MZUA (herps), ZOOA.V.Pe. (fishes). Azuay. Ecuador.

Colección de peces de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Sede Esmeraldas, Esmeraldas. Current as: CEMZ-P (fishes). Esmeraldas. Ecuador.

Vertebrate Collection, Charles Darwin Research Station, Puerto Ayora, Santa Cruz. Also known as: museo de vertebrados. Current as: VCCDRS. Also as: CDRS, MVECCD (herps). Galápagos. Ecuador.

Instituto de Nacional de Higiene y Medicina Tropical Leopoldo Izquieta Pérez, Guayaquil. Note: currently known as Instituto Nacional de Investigación en Salud Pública (INSPI). Guayas. Ecuador.

Museo de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad de Guayaquil [University of Guayaquil], Guayaquil. Obsolete as: MFCN-UG, UG. Current as: MUGT (fishes). Guayas. Ecuador.

Centro Jambatu de Investigación y Conservación de Anfibios, Fundación Otonga, Quito. Current as: CJ (amphibians). Pichincha. Ecuador.

Museo Ecuatoriano de Ciencias Naturales, Quito. Note: created as government organization in 1977; associated with Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), public research institute created in 2014. Current as: MECN (fishes, herps). Also as: MECN-DP (fishes), DHMECN (División de Herpetología, herps). Pichincha. Ecuador.

Museo de Historia Natural “Gustavo Orcés V.”, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito. Note: collection originally included fossils from “Gabinete de Ciencias Naturales” de la Universidad Central, and those collected by Robert Hoffstetter from 1946–1952, but part of that material sent to European collections between 1950s and 1990s. Current as: EPN V (fossil vertebrates), MEPN (fishes, herps). Pichincha. Ecuador.

Museo de Zoología, Universidad Tecnológica Indoamérica, Quito. Current as: MZUTI (herps). Pichincha. Ecuador.

Museo de Zoología, Escuela de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito. Includes: Eugenia del Pino Collection (EDP). Current as: QCAZ. Pichincha. Ecuador.

Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito. Current as: DFCH-USFQ (herps, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia collection), FHGO-USFQ (herps, Fundación Herpetológica G. Orcés collection deposited at USFQ). Also as: FHGO. Pichincha. Ecuador.

Al-Azhar University Zoological Collection, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Cairo. Note: smaller collections of fishes and other fauna associated with other Al-Azhar campuses (e.g., Asyut), but not part of AUZC. Current as: AUZC (herps). Egypt.

Egyptian Geological Museum, Cairo. Also known as: Cairo Geological Museum. Note: museum established in 1904 as part of the Egyptian Geological Survey (EGS) founded in 1896. Current as: CGM (fossils). Egypt.

Marine Biological Station Hurghada [Al-Ghardaqa], National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Hurghada [Al-Ghardaqa]. Egypt.

Mansoura University Vertebrate Paleontology Center, Department of Geology, Mansoura. Current as: MUVP (fossils). Egypt.

Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad de El Salvador, San Salvador. Note: collections assembled in the 1950s and associated with the Instituto Tropical de Investigaciones Científicas (ITIC) were neglected and eventually lost; current fish collection established ca. 2005. Current as: ICMARES (fishes). El Salvador.

Museo de Historia Natural de El Salvador, San Salvador. Note: fish collection established in 1970, but damaged during earthquake in 2001. Current as: MUHNES (fishes, herps). El Salvador.

Department of Marine Biology and Fisheries, Mai-Nefhi College of Science, Eritrea Institute of Technology (EIT). Note: small collection of marine fishes lacking catalog numbers and staff. Assigned here: MNCS. Eritrea.

National Museum of Eritrea, Asmara. Includes: fossils of Dandiero Basin collection areas Dioli (DAN), Uadi [Wadi] Aalad (UA), Uadi [Wadi] Maebele (MHB). Current as: NME. Eritrea.

The Northern Red Sea Museum, Massawa. Also known as: The Massawa Museum. Includes: fossils of Mulhuli-Amo collection area (MA). Note: established in 2000. Assigned here: NRSM (fossils). Eritrea.

Institute of Geology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn. Current as: GIT (fossils). Also as: Pi (fossils). Estonia.

Eesti Loodusmuuseum [Estonian Museum of Natural History], Tallinn. Current as: TAMZ (fishes, herps), TAMG (fossils). Estonia.

University of Tartu Natural History Museum, Tartu. Obsolete as: MZT (Zoological Museum, Tartu). Current as: TUZ (fishes), TUG (fossils). Estonia.

Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute, Addis Ababa. Formerly: Institute of Biodiversity Conservation (IBC, 2004–2013), preceded by Institute of Biodiversity Conservation and Research (IBCR, 1998–2004). Ethiopia.

Awash National Park. Note: status of zoological collections unknown. Ethiopia.

Zoological Natural History Museum, Addis Ababa University. Obsolete as: AAU, NHMAA. Current as: ZNHM-AAU. Ethiopia.

Natural History Museum, Tórshavn. Faroe Islands (Denmark).

University of the South Pacific, Faculty of Science, Technology and Environment, School of Marine Studies, Suva. Obsolete as: USP. Current as: SUVA H (herps), USPS (fishes). Fiji.

Finnish Museum of Natural History, Zoological Museum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki. Also as: ZMUH (birds). Finland.

Åbo Akademi University, Zoological Museum, Turku. Finland.

Musée Yves-Machelon, Gannat. Also known as: Musée de Gannat; Natural History Museum of Gannat. Obsolete as: MGF. Current as: Rh-E.F. (fossils). Allier. France.

Réserve naturelle géologique de Haute-Provence, Digne-les-Bains. Current as: RGHP (fossils). Alpes-de-Haute-Provence. France.

Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de la ville de Nice, Nice. Also as: MHNNice. Alpes-Maritimes. France.

Le Musée des Dinosaures, Espéraza. Obsolete as: ME. Current as: MDE (fossils). Aude. France.

Musée Zoologique de la ville de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg. Includes: natural history collections of Johann Hermann, (purchased in 1802) and Université Louis-Pasteur. Note: partially destroyed in 1943–1944 during WWII; Université de Strasbourg separated into three institutions including Université Louis-Pasteur (Strasbourg I) from 1970 to 2009. Also as: MZS Bas-Rhin. France.

Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Marseille, Marseille. Current as: MMNH (herps). Also as: MHNM (fossils), MHNMF (herps). Bouches-du-Rhône. France.

Musée du Moulin Seigneurial, Velaux. Current as: MMS (fossils). Bouches-du-Rhône. France.

Le Musée d'Angoulême, Angoulême. Formerly: Musée des beaux-arts d'Angoulême. Current as: ANG (fossils, Angeac-Charente Collection), CHE (fossils, Cherves-de-Cognac Collection). Charente. France.

Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer, La Rochelle. Note: fish types moved to Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN) and Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de La Rochelle (MHNRL). Charente-Maritime. France.

Muséum d'Histoire naturelle de La Rochelle, La Rochelle. Includes: fish types from IFREMER. Current as: MHNLR (fishes). Also as: MHNR (herps). Charente-Maritime. France.

Le Musée de l'île d'Oléron, Saint-Pierre-d'Oléron. Current as: MO (fossils). Charente-Maritime. France.

Laboratoire Biogéosciences, Université de Bourgogne [University of Burgundy], Dijon. Current as: LBG-UD (fossils). Côte-d'Or. France.

Musée de la Marine, Brest. Finistère. France.

Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Bordeaux, Bordeaux. Current as: MHNB (fossils). Gironde. France.

Université des Antilles [University of the French West Indies], Guadaloupe. Formerly: Centre Université Antilles-Guyane, Laboratoire de Biologie et Physiologie Animales. Guadaloupe. France.

Institut Pasteur de Guyane, Cayenne. Guiana [French Guiana]. France.

Laboratoire d'Ichtyologie Appliquée, École Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse (ENSAT), Auzeville-Tolosane. Haute-Garonne. France.

Muséum d'histoire naturelle de la ville de Toulouse. Also known as: Musée de Toulouse (MT). Current as: MHNT (fossils). Also as: MT. Haute-Garonne. France.

Collection Biogéographie et Ecologie des Vertébrés, Laboratoire de biogéographie et écologie des vertébrés, Montpellier. Note: collection established in 1967 and housed at Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive (CEFE) established in 1987 under the guardianship of Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Montpellier, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and École pratique des hautes études (EPHE) among others. Obsolete as: LBEV, LBUM (Laboratoire de Biogéographie, Université de Montpellier; presumably same as BEV collection). Current as: BEV (herps). Also as: EPHE (herps). See also: USTL. Hérault. France.

Collection of Alexandre Westphal-Castelnau, L'École nationale supérieure agronomique de Montpellier (ENSAM), Montpellier. Note: specimens transferred to Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN). Hérault. France.

Musée de Cruzy, Cruzy. Current as: MC (fossils). Hérault. France.

Musée Parc des Dinosaures, Mèze. Current as: MPDM (fossils). Hérault. France.

Université de Montpellier, Montpellier. Note: collections originally associated with Faculté des Sciences created in 1808 which became Université des sciences et techniques du Languedoc (USTL), administratively known as Université Montpellier 2, in 1968; Montpellier 1 & 2 universities began to merge in 2012 and the new Université de Montpellier was founded in 2015; historical collections partially destroyed in 1944 during World War II. Obsolete as: BRT, MM. Current as: USTL (fossils). Also as: ISE-M (Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, Université Montpellier 2), LG-FSM (Laboratoire de Geologie, fossils), UM (fossils). See also: BEV. Hérault. France.

Musée du Savignéen, Savigné-sur-Lathan. Note: fossil specimens cited as year of registration (last three digits or all four), two-letter code for site and specimen number (e.g., 007-PM-295, 2012.VG.1). Current as: MS (general fossils), GM (fossils from La Guimardière), PM (fossils from Pelmer), VG (fossils from Vigneaux). Indre-et-Loire. France.

Musée d'archéologie du Jura, Lons-le-Saunier. Current as: MAJ (fossils). Jura. France.

Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Nantes. Formerly: Institut Scientifique et Technique des Pêches Maritimes (1918–1984). Loire-Atlantique. France.

Museum d'Histoire Naturelle de Nantes, Nantes. Loire-Atlantique. France.

Université Catholique Lyon, Lyon. Formerly: Faculté Catholique Lyon. Current as: FCL (fossils). Lyon. France.

Musée des Confluences, Lyon. Formerly: Musée d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon (MHNL), descended from Musée Guimet d'Histoire Naturelle de Lyon (MG, MGL or MGHNL). Obsolete as: LMHN, MG, MGHNL, MGL, MMC. Current as: MHNL. Lyon. France.

Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, paleontology collection, Villeurbanne. Also known as: University of Lyon 1 (UL1). Note: includes fossils formerly in Faculté des Sciences de Lyon (FSL) at UCBL; collection distinct from musée des Confluences (MHNL). Obsolete as: CST (Centre des Sciences de la Terre), UL1. Current as: UCBL-FSL (fossils). Also as: CPS-UL, FSL (fossils). Lyon. France.

Muséum-Aquarium de Nancy, Institut de Zoologie, Université de Nancy, Nancy. Formerly: L'Ancienne Université, among others. Also as: MZN, MZUVN. Meurthe-et-Moselle. France.

Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. Includes: herp collection of M. Alexandre Westphal-Castelnau formerly at L'École nationale supérieure agronomique de Montpellier (ENSAM); collections from Laboratoire des Sciences Naturelles, Université-Indochinoise, Hanoi (LSNUI) and Office de la Recherche scientifique et Technique d'Outre-mer (ORSTOM). Obsolete as: MHNP. Current as: MNHN (fishes, herps), MNHN TGE (fossils, ensemble divisions from Morocco, Algeria and Mali), MNHN.F (fossils). Also as: MNHNP (amphibians, fossils), MNHN-ZA (osteological specimens of fishes, amphibians, reptiles). Paris. France.

Collection of Philippe Geniez, École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Paris. Current as: PGe (herps). Paris. France.

Collection de paléontologie, Sorbonne Université. Note: Sorbonne Université established in 2018 via merger of Université Paris-Sorbonne and Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC, Also known as Université Paris VI). Obsolete as: UPVI. Current as: PMC (fossils, Laboratoire de Paléontologie des Vertébrés, Université Pierre et Marie Curie). Paris. France.

Institut H. E. Sauvage, Saint-Étienne-au-Mont. Current as: IES (fishes). Pas-de-Calais. France.

Musée de la Mer, Biarritz. Also known as: Biarritz Aquarium. Pyrénées-Atlantiques. France.

Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de la Réunion, Saint-Denis, La Réunion. Obsolete as: URUN. Current as: MHN RUN (fishes). Also as: LEMUR (Laboratoire d'Écologie Marine, Université de La Réunion), MHNRUN (fishes). Réunion. France.

Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle du Havre, Le Havre. Current as: MHNH (fossils). Also as: MHBR (fossils, Brun Collection). Seine-Maritime. France.

Université de Poitiers, Poitiers. Current as: UP (fossils). Vienne. France.

Private fish collection of Jacques Géry (1917–2007). Note: no longer extant; some specimens deposited at The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP), Zoologische Staatsammlung München (ZSM), Muséum d'histoire naturelle, Genève (MHNG [as GSC]). France.

Private collection of Charles Lucien Bonaparte (1803–1857). Note: extant collections of fishes and herps currently at The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANSP). France.

Museo Humphrediano [Humphredianis]. Note: cited in Hermann (1804), perhaps in reference to private collection of Humphrey Waldo Sibthorp and/or his son John Sibthorp. France.

Institut de Recherche pour le Développement. Formerly: Office de la Recherche scientifique et Technique d'Outre-mer. Note: multiple collections including those in Nouméa, New Caledonia; Dakar, Senegal (IRD); Trinidad, Bolivia; some collections moved to Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris (MNHN). France.

Institut de Recherche en Ecologie Tropicale, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technologique (CENAREST), Libreville. Note: founded in 1985. Gabon.

Georgian National Museum, Tbilisi [Tiflis]. Formerly: Georgian State Museum (GSM). Includes: collections of Georgian Institute of Paleobiology (IPGAS) and Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia (ZMT). Obsolete as: GSM (fossils), IP (fossils), TMT (Tiflis Museum). Current as: GNM (fishes, herps), IPGAS (fossils, Institue of Palaeobiology). See also: ZMT (history). Georgia.

Ilia State University, Institute of Zoology, Zoological Collections, Tbilisi [Tiflis]. Formerly: Institute of Zoology, Georgian National Academy of Sciences (1941–2009), descended from the Georgian branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences and Tbilisi State University. Current as: ZIT (amphibians). Georgia.

Simon Janashia Museum of Georgia, Tbilisi [Tiflis]. Includes: collections of the Georgian Museum (1919–1947), formerly Caucasus Museum (1865–1919, also known as Caucasus Natural History Museum), descended from the Museum of the Caucasian Department of the Russian Royal Geographic Society founded in 1852. Note: museum incorporated into Georgian National Museum (GNM) in 2004. See also: GNM. Georgia.

Abkhazian Museum of Regional Studies, Sukhumi [Sokhumi]. Also known as: Abkhazian State Museum of Local Lore. Current as: AMRS (fossils). Georgia [Abkhazia].

Collection Grande Duke of Baden, Karlsruhe. Current as: CGDBK (fossils). Baden-Württemberg. Germany.

Private fish collection of Thomas Litz, Attenweiler. Note: some specimens deposited at Museo Nacional de Historia Natural y Antropología, Montevideo (MUNHINA) and Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM) with ZSM catalog numbers. Baden-Württemberg. Germany.

Institut für Geowissenschaften Universität Heidelberg, Heidelburg. Current as: GEOW (fossils). See also: ZMUH. Baden-Württemberg. Germany.

Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen [University of Tübingen], Museum der Universität (MUT), Paläontologische Sammlung, Tübingen. Formerly: Institut für Geowissenschaften der Universität Tübingen. Obsolete as: TIMGP, UT. Current as: GPIT (fossils). Also as: Pi (fossils, but mistakenly associated with Georg-August-Universität). See also: ZST (herps). Baden-Württemberg. Germany.

Private fish collection of Kai Erik Witte, Tübingen. Note: some specimens deposited at Zoologische Staatsammlung München with ZSM catalog numbers. Baden-Württemberg. Germany.

Städtische Museen: Museum Natur und Mensch [Museum of Nature and Man], Freiburg im Breisgau. Formerly: Adelhausermuseum für Naturkunde und Völkerkunde (established in 1996), descended from Städtisches Museum für Naturkunde und Völkerkunde, founded in 1895. Note: naturkundlichen Sammlungen [natural history collection] housed at Zentralen Kunstdepot since 2012–2013. Baden-Württemberg. Germany.

Urweltmuseum Hauff [Hauff Museum], Holzmaden. Current as: MHH (fossils). Baden-Württemberg. Germany.

Muschelkalkmuseum Hagdorn Stadt Ingelfingen, Ingelfingen. Current as: MHI (fossils). Baden-Württemberg. Germany.

Private collection of Gernot Vogel, Heidelburg. Current as: PSGV (herps). Baden-Württemberg. Germany.

Städtische Naturkundliche Museum Göppingen. Current as: SMG (fossils). Baden-Württemberg. Germany.

Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe [Karlsruher Naturkundemuseum], Karlsruhe. Formerly: Landessammlungen für Naturkunde Karlsruhe (LNK). Obsolete as: LNK. Current as: SMNK (fishes, herps), SMNK-PAL (fossils). Baden-Württemberg. Germany.

Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde [Stuttgart State Museum of Natural History], Stuttgart. Obsolete as: MNS. Current as: SMNS (fishes, herps, fossils). Also as: SMNHS (fossils). Baden-Württemberg. Germany.

Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg [Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg], Zoologische Sammlung, Freiburg im Breisgau. Baden-Württemberg. Germany.

Zoologisches Museum der Universität Heidelberg, Heidelburg. Note: founded as Zoologisches Cabinet in 1819 by Friedrich Tiedemann (1781–1861); some fishes transferred to SMF and SMNS. Current as: ZMUH (herps). Also as: ZIH (fishes, Zoologisches Institut). See also: GEOW (fossils). Baden-Württemberg. Germany.

Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen [University of Tübingen], Museum der Universität (MUT), Zoologische Sammlung, Tübingen. Obsolete as: UTZI (Zoologisches Institut). Current as: ZST (herps). See also: GPIT (fossils). Baden-Württemberg. Germany.

Bürgermeister-Müller-Museum, Solnhofen. Current as: BMMS (fossils). Also as: BMM-S. Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Geologie [Bavarian State Collection for Paleontology and Geology], München [Munich]. Also known as: Paläontologisches Museum München [Paleontological Museum Munich] (PMM) used for public part of BSPG. Formerly: Bayerische Staatssammlung für Paläontologie und Historische Geologie (BSPHG). Note: one of multiple institutions comprising and administered by Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns [Bavarian Natural History Collections] (SNSB). Obsolete as: BSM, BSP, BSPHG, BSPHM, BSPM. Current as: BSPG (fossils). Also as: SNSB-BSPG (fossils). Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Paläontologische Sammlung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg [University of Erlangen-Nuremburg], Erlangen. Formerly: Sammlungen des Palaontologischen Lehrstuhls des Universität Erlangen. Obsolete as: SPLUE. Current as: FAU (fossils). Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Jura-Museum Eichstätt [Jura Museum Eichstaett], Eichstätt. Note: one of multiple institutions comprising and administered by Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns [Bavarian Natural History Collections] (SNSB). Obsolete as: JM-E, SoS/SOS. Current as: JME (fossils). Also as: JM (fossils). Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Bayerisches Landesamt für Umwelt [Bavarian State Office for the Environment], Geologische Sammlung [Gesteinssammlung], München [Munich], Bavaria. Current as: LfU (fossils). Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Mark-Oliver Rödel herpetological collection at Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU) [University of Würzburg], Würzburg. Current as: MOR (herps). See also: PIW (fossils). Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Münchner Tierpark Hellabrunn A.G. [Hellabruun Zoo], München. Note: old collection destroyed in 1944 during WWII. Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Naturkunde-Museum Bamberg, Bamberg. Note: one of multiple institutions comprising and administered by Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns [Bavarian Natural History Collections] (SNSB). Obsolete as: NMB (fossils). Current as: NKMB (fossils). Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Naturmuseum Augsburg, Augsburg. Current as: NMA (fossils). Also as: NMSA (Naturmuseum der Stadt Augsburg). Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Naturkundemuseum Coburg, Coburg. Current as: NMC. Also as: NMCL (fossils). Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Naturkundemuseum Ostbayern, Regensburg. Current as: NMR (fossils). Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Institut für Paläontologie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU) [University of Würzburg], Würzburg. Current as: PIW (fossils). See also: MOR (herps). Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Private collection of Helmut Tischlinger, Stammham. Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Urwelt-Museum Oberfranken, Bayreuth. Formerly: Oberfränkische Kreisnaturalienkabinett [Kreis-Naturalien-Cabinet]. Note: one of multiple institutions comprising and administered by Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns [Bavarian Natural History Collections] (SNSB). Obsolete as: U-MO, UM-O, U-MOB (fossils). Current as: UMO (fossils). Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Zoologische Präparatesammlung der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München [Zoological objects collection of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich]. Note: historically distinct from Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM); “valuable historic material...imprudently discarded” during reorganization of the university in the 1970s (D. Schaller in Neumann 2011:235); bulk of remaining ZPLMU fish collection transferred to ZSM in 2004; only few historic anatomical specimens retained in ZPLMU Institute of Zoology. See also: ZSM. Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Zoologische Staatsammlung München, München [Munich]. Formerly: Zoologisches Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates [Bavarian State Collection of Zoology]. Includes: fishes from NMW (Kähsbauer Donation) and Zoologische Präparatesammlung der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (ZPLMU) as part of ZSM Old Collection, partially destroyed during WWII (24–25 Apr 1944 and 11 Apr 1945); holotype of Diaphorolepis wagneri from Museum of Monaco (MM); Hans Hermann Schleich collection of Nepalese and Indian amphibians and reptiles (VW/D); part of Philipp Wagner private collection (PWC, herps). Note: one of multiple institutions comprising and administered by Staatliche Naturwissenschaftliche Sammlungen Bayerns [Bavarian Natural History Collections] (SNSB). Current as: ZSM (fishes, herps, fossils). Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Private collection of Maurice Kottelat (CMK) at Zoologische Staatsammlung München (ZSM). Note: fishes published as ZSM/CMK were never intended for final deposition at ZSM and never part of ZSM collection. Obsolete as: ZSM/CMK (replaced by CMK). Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Introduced by Maurice Kottelat (1990) to identify types to be temporarily stored at Zoologische Staatsammlung München (ZSM) for later exchange and final deposition in Indonesia; ZSM/LIPI material is not traceable at ZSM and was never transferred to LIPI, Bogor, but may be available at ZRC. Obsolete as: ZSM/LIPI (not referable to specimens at ZSM or LIPI). Bayern [Bavaria]. Germany.

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe [Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources], Berlin. Current as: BGR (fossils). Berlin. Germany.

Private fish collection [Fischsammlung] of Jörg Freyhof, Berlin. Berlin. Germany.

Freie Universität Berlin [Free University of Berlin], Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Fachrichtung Paläontologie, Berlin. In error as: IFPUB (fossils). Current as: IPFUB (fossils). Berlin. Germany.

Museo Blochiano [Blochianum], Berlin. Note: private collection of Marcus Elieser Bloch; extant specimens at Museum für Naturkunde (ZMB). Berlin. Germany.

Technischen Universität Berlin [Technical University of Berlin], Berlin. Current as: TUB (fossils). Berlin. Germany.

Museum für Naturkunde (MfN), Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- und Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin [Humboldt University of Berlin], Berlin. Also known as: Humboldt Museum. Formerly: Zoologischen Museum Berlin. Includes: extant specimens of Museo Blochiano [Blochianum] (MB), private collection of Marcus Elieser Bloch. Obsolete as: ISZZ, ZMHU, ZMBP. Current as: MB (fossils), ZMB (fishes, herps). Also as: HMBM, HMN MB, PMHU (fossils), ISZ (birds), MfN, MHUB (parasites). Berlin. Germany.

Naturkundemuseum Potsdam [Natural History Museum of Potsdam], Potsdam. Formerly: Municipal or District Museum of Potsdam. Current as: NKMP. Brandenburg. Germany.

Geowissenschaftliche Sammlung [Geosciences Collection], Universität Bremen [University of Bremen], Bremen. Current as: GSUB (fossils). Bremen [Bremen]. Germany.

Überseemuseum, Bremen. Formerly: Gesellschaft Museum (1783–1896); Städtisches Museum für Natur-, Völker- und Handelskunde (1896–1951). Current as: UMB (herps). Bremen [Bremen]. Germany.

Private collection of J.G. Fischer, Hamburg. Note: some herps deposited at ZMH. Hamburg. Germany.

Museum Godeffroy (1861–1885), Hamburg. Note: museum no longer extant; collections sold to various museums including Natural History Museum, London (NHMUK), Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde (SMNS), Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg (ZMH) and Museum für Naturkunde (ZMB). Hamburg. Germany.

Centrum für Naturkunde (CeNak), Zoologisches Museum, Universität Hamburg, Hamburg. Formerly: Naturhistorisches Museum zu Hamburg (NMH) founded in 1843, partially destroyed July 1943 during WWII; museum and staff became part of Universität Hamburg in 1969. Note: includes fishes from Institut für Seefischerei, Hamburg (ISH); herps described by J.G. Fischer. In error as: Z.M.B. (Roze 1967). Obsolete as: ISH, NMH, ZHM, ZIM. Current as: ZMH (fishes, herps). Hamburg. Germany.

Giessen Zoological Museum, Gießen [Giessen]. Obsolete as: MG. Current as: GZM. Hesse [Hessen]. Germany.

Hessisches Landesmuseum, Darmstadt. Includes: Norbert Micklich fossil fish reference collection (SMFF) and extant fish reference collection (SMFR); fossil vertebrate collection, Natural History Department (WT). Obsolete as: HLD. Current as: HLMD (herps, fossils). Hesse [Hessen]. Germany.

Museum Wiesbaden, Naturhistorische Landessammlung, Wiesbaden. Note: partially destroyed during World War II, but most types survived. Obsolete as: HLMW, MW, MWHN, NMSW, NSMW, NWNH, SMW (Staatliches Museum, Wiesbaden). Current as: MWNH (herps). Hesse [Hessen]. Germany.

Philipps-Universität Marburg [University of Marburg], Marburg. Current as: MZC (Marburg Zoological Collection), PUM (fossils). Also as: ZSUM (herps, Zoologische Sammlung). Hesse [Hessen]. Germany.

Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum [Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum], Frankfurt am Main. Includes: collections assembled by Eduard Rüppell and Oskar Boettger (1844–1910). Note: headquarters of Senckenberg Collections composed of six institutes with stations at 10 locations including Dresden (MMG, MTD) and Görlitz (SMNG). In error as: SFM. Obsolete as: NMS, SENCK, SenkM. Current as: SMF (fishes, herps, fossils). Also as: SFN (sharks). Hesse [Hessen]. Germany.

Ur- und Vorgeschichtsmuseum Fritzlar, Fritzlar. Current as: UVF (fossils). Hesse [Hessen]. Germany.

Deutsches Meeresmuseum [German Oceanographic Museum], Stralsund. Current as: DMM. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Germany.

Deutsches Bernstein-Museum, Ribnitz-Damgarten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Germany.

Institut für Geographie und Geologie, Ernst-Moritz-Arndt-Universität [University of Greifswald], Greifswald. Current as: GG (fossils). See also: ZMG. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Germany.

Zoologischen Museums Greifswald, Greifswald. See also: GG (fossils). Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Germany.

Zoologische Sammlung der Universität Rostock [University of Rostock], Rostock. Current as: ZSRO. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Germany.

Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe [Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources] of Hannover-Buchholz, Hannover [Hanover]. Note: one of three institutions in Geozentrum Hannover. Obsolete as: BGHan. Current as: BGRHB (fossils). See also: BGR (Berlin). Niedersachsen [Lower Saxony]. Germany.

Geowissenschaftliches Zentrum der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen [Göttingen University], Göttingen. Also known as: Geowissenschaftliches Museum. Obsolete as: GOE, GPIG/GZG, MGAU (fossils). Current as: GZG.V (fossil vertebrates). Also as: IMGP (fossils, Institut und Museum für Geologie und Paläontologie). See also: ZMUG. Niedersachsen [Lower Saxony]. Germany.

herpetologischen Sammlung [herpetological collection], Landesmuseum für Natur und Mensch, Oldenburg. Formerly: Grossherzogliche Museum Oldenburg. Current as: LMNMO (herps). Niedersachsen [Lower Saxony]. Germany.

Museum Lampianum, Hanover [Hannover]. Note: no longer extant. Niedersachsen [Lower Saxony]. Germany.

Staatliches Naturhistorisches Museum, Braunschweig. Formerly: Herzogliches Naturhistorisches Museum (1857–1918). Obsolete as: NMB, SNHM, SNMB, SNMBR. Current as: NHM-BS (herps). Also as: SNHMB (fishes), SNMBG (birds). Niedersachsen [Lower Saxony]. Germany.

Museum am Schölerberg, Osnabrück. Also known as: städtisches Museum für Natur und Umwelt Osnabrück. Current as: NMO (fossils). Niedersachsen [Lower Saxony]. Germany.

Städtisches Museum Schloss Salder, Salzgitter. Current as: SMSS (fossils). Niedersachsen [Lower Saxony]. Germany.

Zoologisches Museum, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach-Institut für Zoologie und Anthropologie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen [Göttingen University], Göttingen. Formerly: Zoologisches Institut und Museum Universität Göttingen (ZIUG), descended from Königliche Academische Museum founded in 1773. Note: herpetological collection transferred to Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK) in 1977. Obsolete as: ZIUG, ZMG. Current as: ZMUG. Also as: AZM (flatworms). See also: GZG (fossils). Niedersachsen [Lower Saxony]. Germany.

Collection de l'École technique (Realschule) de Cologne, Köln [Cologne]. Note: collection cited by Jan & Sordelli (1865); apparently no longer extant. Nordrhein-Westfalen [North Rhine-Westphalia]. Germany.

Dobergmuseum—Geologisches Museum Ostwestfalen-Lippe, Bünde. Note: part of the Museum Bünde network. Obsolete as: BDNLTM. Current as: DMB (fossils). Nordrhein-Westfalen [North Rhine-Westphalia]. Germany.

Institut für Geologie und Mineralogie, Universität zu Köln [University of Cologne], Köln [Cologne]. Current as: GCC (fossils). Nordrhein-Westfalen [North Rhine-Westphalia]. Germany.

Lippisches Landesmuseum, Detmold. Current as: LLM (fossils). Nordrhein-Westfalen [North Rhine-Westphalia]. Germany.

Naturkunde-Museum Bielefeld, Bielefeld. Formerly: Museum der Stadt Bielefeld, founded in 1889. Current as: NAMU (fossils). Nordrhein-Westfalen [North Rhine-Westphalia]. Germany.

Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie [Steinmann Institute for Mineralogy, Geology and Palaeontology], Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn [University of Bonn], Bonn. Formerly: Institut für Paläontologie Bonn (IPB), Geologisch-Paläontologisches Institut Bonn (GPIBO) and Goldfuß Museum [Goldfuss Museum]; STIPB founded in 2007. Obsolete as: GPIBO, IPB, PIUB. Current as: STIPB (fossils). See also: SUB. Nordrhein-Westfalen [North Rhine-Westphalia]. Germany.

Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn [University of Bonn], Institut für Zoologie, Sammlung der Universität, Bonn. See also: STIPB (fossils). Nordrhein-Westfalen [North Rhine-Westphalia]. Germany.

Hans Hermann Schleich collection of Nepalese and Indian amphibians and reptiles, Fuhlrott-Museum, Wuppertal. Note: transferred to Zoologische Staatsammlung München (ZSM) in 2012. Nordrhein-Westfalen [North Rhine-Westphalia]. Germany.

Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig [Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig], Bonn. Formerly: Forschungsinstitut und Museum. Includes: University of Göttingen herpetological collection, acquired in 1977; part of Philipp Wagner private collection (PWC; herps); herpetological specimens received from the University of Kabul in the 1970s. Current as: ZFMK (fishes, herps). Nordrhein-Westfalen [North Rhine-Westphalia]. Germany.

Private collection of Prince Alexander Philipp Maximilian zu Wied-Neuwied, Wied [Hausen]. Note: herps now at American Museum of Natural History (AMNH). Rheinland-Pfalz [Rhineland-Palatinate]. Germany.

Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Institut für Geowissenschaften, Mainz. Current as: GPIM (fossils). Rheinland-Pfalz [Rhineland-Palatinate]. Germany.

Naturhistorisches Museum Mainz, Mainz. Also known as: Landessammlung für Naturkunde Rheinland-Pfalz [State Collection of Natural History of Rhineland-Palatinate]. Note: major parts of historical collection assembled by Rheinische Naturforschende Gesellschaft (RNG) destroyed during British air raid in 1945. Current as: NHMM (fossils). Also as: MHMZ, NMM (fossils). Rheinland-Pfalz [Rhineland-Palatinate]. Germany.

Pollichia Geoscience Collections, Urweltmuseum GEOSKOP, Thallichtenberg. Current as: POL (fossils). Rheinland-Pfalz [Rhineland-Palatinate]. Germany.

Private collection of Hans Bath, Pirmasens. Rheinland-Pfalz [Rhineland-Palatinate]. Germany.

Paläontologisches Museum Nierstein, Nierstein. Current as: SSN (fossils). Rheinland-Pfalz [Rhineland-Palatinate]. Germany.

Zoologischen Institut, Universität des Saarlandes, Saarbrücken. Note: collection apparently no longer at university as of 2011. Saarland. Germany.

Schneider and Scholze collection, Department of Palaeontology and Stratigraphy, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg. Current as: FG (fossils). Also as: BAF FG (fossils). Sachsen [Saxony]. Germany.

Geologische Landesuntersuchung GmbH, Freiberg. Formerly: Geologische Forschung und Erkundung Freiberg. Current as: GFEF (fossils). Sachsen [Saxony]. Germany.

Geologische und Paläontologische Sammlung, Institut für Geophysik und Geologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig. Current as: GPSL (fossil invertebrates). Also as: PMUL (fossil herps, Paläontologisches Museum der Universität Leipzig). See also: MUL. Sachsen [Saxony]. Germany.

Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen (SNSD), Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie, Dresden. Formerly: Königliches Naturalienkabinett; Dresdener Hof-Mineralien-Cabinet. Includes: collection of Gustav Freiherr von Stockheim including fossils formerly known as Ortenburger Kreide. Current as: MMG (fossils). Also as: SNSD-MMG (fossils). See also: MTD. Sachsen [Saxony]. Germany.

Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen (SNSD), Museum für Tierkunde, Dresden. Note: established in 1728 in the “Palais de Sciences” [Dresden Zwinger]; majority of zoolgical specimens destroyed by fire in 1849 during Dresden May Uprising; partially destroyed 7 Oct 1944 and 13–14 Feb 1945 during World War II; MTD combined with Museum für Mineralogie und Geologie (MMG) in 1999 to form Staatliche Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden which merged with Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung in 2009. Includes: original zoological collections of Universität Leipzig (MUL) transferred in 1970–1971. Current as: MTD F (fishes), MTD D (herps). Also as: MTKD (herps), SMTD (birds). See also: MMG. Sachsen [Saxony]. Germany.

Universität Leipzig, Institut für Zoologie, Zoologische Lehrsammlung, Leipzig. Note: original zoological collection dissolved in 1968 and partly transferred to Museum für Tierkunde in Dresden (MTD) in 1970–1971. Also as: ULIZ. See also: GPSL (fossils). Sachsen [Saxony]. Germany.

Museum der Westlausitz, Kamenz. Current as: MWLK (herps). Sachsen [Saxony]. Germany.

Naturkundemuseum Leipzig [Leipzig Museum], Leipzig. Note: partially destroyed during WWII. Obsolete as: LM, MLEP. Current as: NML (fishes, herps, fossils). Also as: NKML (birds). Sachsen [Saxony]. Germany.

Senckenberg Museum für Naturkunde, Abteilung Zoologie, Görlitz. Formerly: Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Görlitz; merged with Senckenberg Gesellschaft für Naturforschung in 2009. Current as: SMNG. Sachsen [Saxony]. Germany.

Institut für Zoologie, Technische Universität Dresden [Dresden Technical University], Dresden. Note: currently a teaching collection [Zoologische Lehrsammlung]. Sachsen [Saxony]. Germany.

Private collection of Herbert Rösler, Thale. Note: specimens to be deposited in Museum für Naturkunde (ZMB), Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen, Museum für Tierkunde (MTD) and probably Zoologische Staatssammlung München (ZSM). Current as: CPHR (herps). Sachsen-Anhalt [Saxony-Anhalt]. Germany.

Museum für Naturkunde, Magdeburg. Also known as: Kulturhistorisches Museum Magdeburg; Magdeburger Museen (MM). Current as: KHMM (herps). Also as: MM (herps). Sachsen-Anhalt [Saxony-Anhalt]. Germany.

Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Zentralmagazin Naturwissenschaftlicher Sammlungen (ZNS), Halle (Saale). Formerly: Institut für Zoologie, Halle (IZH); Geiseltal Museum (GM). Note: Founded in 1769 as natural history cabinet by J.F.G. Goldhagen; MLU created in 1817 via merger of Universität Wittenberg and Universität Halle; collections of Geiseltal Museum relocated to ZNS in 2009. Obsolete as: GM, MLU, ZIH, ZMUH, ZNS. Current as: MLUH (fishes, herps, fossils), MLUH (IZH-P), MLUH (IZH-A), MLUH (IZH-R) (historical specimens of fishes, amphibians & reptiles, respectively), MLUH (GMH) (Geiseltal fossils, Eocene), MLUH (Ifg) (other fossils, Geology Department). Sachsen-Anhalt [Saxony-Anhalt]. Germany.

Biologische Anstalt Helgoland, Helgoland [Heligoland]. Formerly: Königlich Preußische Biologische Anstalt Helgoland founded in 1892. Note: part of the Alfred-Wegener-Institut since 1998. Schleswig-Holstein. Germany.

Institut für Geowissenschaften der Christian-Albrechts-Universität (CAU) zu Kiel [University of Kiel], Kiel. Current as: CAUK (fossils). See also: ZMK. Schleswig-Holstein. Germany.

Museum für Natur und Umwelt, Lübecker Museen, Lübeck. Also known as: Museum Lübeck, Naturhistorisches Museum zu Lübeck. Note: original museum destroyed 28 Mar 1942 during WWII; reopened in 1963 as Naturhistorisches Museum—Museum für Natur und Naturgeschichte in Schleswig-Holstein. Also as: LNHM (herps). Schleswig-Holstein. Germany.

Zoologische Museum der Christian-Albrechts-Universität (CAU) zu Kiel [University of Kiel], Kiel. Also known as: Zoologischen Museum Kiel. Note: closely associated with Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel (GEOMAR), successor to the Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften [Leibniz Institute of Marine Sciences], itself established in 2004 via merger of Institut für Meereskunde (IfM, IMUK) and Forschungszentrum für Marine Geowissenschaften (GEOMAR). Obsolete as: KIEL. Current as: ZMK. See also: CAUK (fossils). Schleswig-Holstein. Germany.

Heimat- und Salinemuseum Bad Sulza. Includes: fossils from quarry “Krähenhütte”, Bad Sulza. Current as: HSBS (fossils). See also: NME. Thüringen [Thuringia]. Germany.

Museo Jenensis Universitatis, Jena. Note: no longer extant. Thüringen [Thuringia]. Germany.

Naturkundemuseum Mauritianum Altenburg. Current as: MMA (fossils). Thüringen [Thuringia]. Germany.

Museum der Natur Gotha, Gotha. Current as: MNG (fossils). Thüringen [Thuringia]. Germany.

Naturkundemuseum, Erfurt. Includes: fossils from quarry “Krähenhütte”, Bad Sulza. Current as: NME (fossils), NME R (reptiles). See also: HSBS. Thüringen [Thuringia]. Germany.

Phyletisches Museum [Phyletic Museum], Jena. Formerly: Großherzogliches Zoologisches Museum until ca. 1907, itself descended from Carl August Museum. Current as: PMJ. Thüringen [Thuringia]. Germany.

Private collection of Hermann von Meyer (1801–1869). Note: status unknown. Germany.

Private collection of Johannes Peter Müller (1801–1858). Note: status unknown. Germany.

Private collection of Herr Klaus Weis. Current as: KWF (fossils). Germany.

Private collection of Philipp Wagner. Note: herps transferred in part to Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig (ZFMK) and Zoologische Staatsammlung München (ZSM). Germany.

Zoology Department, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra Metropolis District. Obsolete as: UGA. Current as: UOG (cetaceans). Ghana.

Athens Museum of Palaeontology and Geology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (UoA), Athens. Also known as: University of Athens. Current as: AMPG (fossils). See also: ZMUA (Zoological Museum). Attica. Greece.

The Goulandris Natural History Museum, Kifissia. Current as: GNHM (fishes, herps). Attica. Greece.

Hellenic Centre for Marine Research, Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Inland Waters (IMBRIW), Anavyssos [Anavissos]. Formerly: National Center for Marine Research (NCMR). Obsolete as: IOAKE, NCMR. Current as: HCMR. Attica. Greece.

Zoological Museum, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (UoA), Athens. Also known as: University of Athens. Current as: ZMUA (mollusks & birds). Also as: MZUA. Attica. Greece.

Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Nea Moudania. Current as: ATEITh (fishes). Central Macedonia. Greece.

Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki. Obsolete as: MZUTH (Museum of Zoology), ZMUT. Current as: AUTH (fishes & fossils). Also as: AUT (fossils), DZAUT and MDZAUT (fishes, Department of Zoology), LGPUT (Laboratory of Geology and Paleontology), LZUT (fishes, Laboratory of Zoology). Central Macedonia. Greece.

Hydrobiological Station of Rhodes, Rhodes. Formerly: Reale Istituto di Ricerche Biologiche di Rodi, built in 1934–1935 during Italian occupation of the Dodecanese (1912–1943). Note: currently part of Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR). Current as: HSR (fishes). See also: HCMR. Crete. Greece.

Natural History Museum of Crete, University of Crete, Heraklion [Irákleio]. Current as: NHMC (herps). Crete. Greece.

Fisheries Research Institute (FRI) of Nea Peramos, Kavala. Current as: FRINP (fishes). East Macedonia and Thrace. Greece.

Natural History Museum of the Aegean, Paleontological Museum, Mytilene [Mytilini, Mitilinii], Samos Island. Note: established by Konstantinos and Maria Zimalis Foundation. Current as: NHMAS (fossils). North Aegean. Greece.

Vrisa Natural History Museum, Lesvos [Lesbos]. North Aegean. Greece.

Paleontological and Paleobotanical Museum, Nostimo Kastorias. Also known as: Nostimo Museum of Palaeontology (NMP). Note: formally affiliated with Athens Museum of Palaeontology and Geology (AMPG). Current as: NMP V (fossils). Western Macedonia. Greece.

University of Guam, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Western Pacific Tropical Research Center (WPTRC), Mangilao. Also known as: Unibetsedåt Guåhan. Current as: UGM (fishes). Also as: UTIO-F (fishes). Guam.

Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala (MUSHNAT), Guatemala City. Current as: USAC (fishes, herps). Guatemala.

Universidad del Valle Guatemala, Guatemala City. Current as: UVG. Guatemala.

Center for the Study of Biological Diversity, University of Guyana, Georgetown. Note: some fish holotypes dual-accessioned at CSBD Auburn University Natural History Museum (AUM) for temporary storage at AUM. Obsolete as: HA or CSBD no. HA (herps), UG, CSBD/UG, UG/CSBD. Current as: CSBD, CSBD F (fishes). Guyana.

Guyana National Museum, Georgetown. Note: no longer extant. Guyana.

Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Museo de Historia Natural, Tegucigalpa. Current as: UNAH (herps). Honduras.

Eötvös Loránd University, Biological and Paleontological Museum, Budapest. Formerly: Royal University of Pest (until 1873), University of Budapest (1873–1921), Royal Hungarian Pázmány Péter University (1921–1950). Note: some fossils donated to Hungarian Natural History Museum (HNHM). Current as: ELTE (fossils). Hungary.

Geological Institute of Hungary, Geological Museum, Budapest. Also known as: Magyar Állami Földtani Intézet (MAFI). Formerly: Royal Hungarian Geological Institute founded in 1869. Note: many fossils transferred to other institutions (HNHM, NHMUK); merged into Magyar Földtani és Geofizikai Intézet (MFGI) in 2012. Current as: GIH (fossils). Also as: HGIM, MHGI, MNGL. See also: MFGI. Hungary.

Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum [Hungarian Natural History Museum], Budapest. Also known as: Musei Nationalis Hungarici/Musée National Hongrois (MNH). Formerly: part of the Hungarian National Museum (HNM) or Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum. Includes: fossils donated from Geological Institute of Hungary (GIH) and Eötvös University (ELTE), Budapest. Note: collections destroyed in part by fire during Hungarian uprising in 1956. Obsolete as: HNM, MNH, MNSB, NHMB. Current as: HNHM (fishes, herps, fossils). Also as: MTM (fossils), PG-HNHM (Department of Paleontology and Geology). Hungary.

Magyar Földtani és Geofizikai Intézet [Hungarian Institute of Geology and Geophysics], Budapest. Note: established in 2012 via merger of Geological Institute of Hungary (GIH/MAFI) and Eötvös Loránd Geophysical Institute. Current as: MFGI (fossils). See also: ELTE, GIH. Hungary.

Hafrannsóknastofnun [Marine Research Institute of Iceland], Reykjavik. Current as: HAF (fishes). Also as: MRII (fishes). Iceland.

Icelandic Institute of Natural History, Gardabaer. Formerly: Icelandic Museum of Natural History (IMNH). Obsolete as: IMNH, NHMR. Current as: IINH. Iceland.

Natural History Museum of Kópavogur, Kópavogur. Assigned here: NHMK. Iceland.

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman Islands. Current as: CIARI/FF (freshwater fishes). See also: JPC. Andaman and Nicobar Islands. India.

Private collection of Jayasimhan Praveenraj, Fisheries Science Division, Central Island Agricultural Research Institute (CIARI), Port Blair, Andaman Islands. Current as: JPC (fishes). See also: CIARI. Andaman and Nicobar Islands. India.

Museum of the Zonal Base, Fishery Survey of India, Port Blair, Andaman Islands. Current as: MUS.FSI.PB/EB (elasmobranchs). Andaman and Nicobar Islands. India.

Museum of Department of Ocean Studies and Marine Biology, Pondicherry University, Port Blair Campus, Andaman Islands. Current as: PUMB (fishes). Andaman and Nicobar Islands. India.

Zoological survey of India, Andaman and Nicobar Regional Centre. Also as: ZSI/ANRC. Andaman and Nicobar Islands. India.

Zoology Museum, Department of Zoology, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam [Vizag, Waltair]. Also as: AU/DMLR (fishes, Department of Marine Living Resources), MDZAU (fishes), ZDAU (parasites). Andhra Pradesh. India.

Arunachal Pradesh Forest Department, State Forest Research Institute, Van Vihar, Itanagar. Current as: APF/SFRI (herps). Arunachal Pradesh. India.

BioLab of Seshachalam Hills, Wildlife Management Circle, Kapilatheertham, Tirupati. Also known as: BioLab of Tirupati. Current as: BLT (herps). Arunachal Pradesh. India.

G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment & Sustainable Development, North East Unit, Vivek Vihar, Itanagar. Current as: GBP-NE (fishes). Arunachal Pradesh. India.

Rajiv Gandhi University Museum of Fishes, Rono Hills, Doimukh, Itanagar. Current as: RGUMF (fishes). Arunachal Pradesh. India.

Zoological Survey of India, Arunachal Pradesh Regional Centre [formerly Field or Regional Station], Itanagar. Obsolete as: ZSI/APFS, APFS/ZSI, ZSI-APRS. Current as: ZSI-APRC. Also as: ZSI/APRC, ZSI/V/APRC/P (fishes). Arunachal Pradesh. India.

Animal Biodiversity Museum of the Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar. Current as: AU-Ecol/ABM (herps). Assam. India.

Zoology Department, Arya Vidyapeeth College, Tarun Nagar, Guwahati. Note: affiliated with Gauhati University. Current as: AVC (herps). Also as: AVCM (herps). Assam. India.

Gauhati University Zoological Museum, Guwahati. Obsolete as: F/GUZ. Current as: GUZM. Also as: GUMF (Museum of Fishes), GUZ. Assam. India.

Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Guwahati. Current as: IASST (amphibians). Assam. India.

Lakhimpur Girls' College Fish Museum, Lakhimpur. Current as: LGCFM (fishes). Assam. India.

Tilka Manjhi Bhagalpur University, Department of Zoology Museum, Bhagalpur. Formerly: Bhagalpur University. Current as: TMBU (fishes). Bihar. India.

Zoological Survey of India, High Altitude Regional Center, Solan. Current as: ZSI Solan F (fishes). Himachal. India.

University of Jammu, Jammu. Note: Department for Biosciences split into Department of Zoology and Department of Botany in 1998. Current as: BJRG (herps), JU (fossils, Department of Geology). Jammu and Kashmir. India.

Dayanand Anglo Vaidik Mahavidyalaya (DAV College), Civil Lines. Kanpur. India.

Museum of Ashoka Trust for Research in Ecology and the Environment, Bengaluru [Bangalore]. Current as: ATREE. Karnataka. India.

Museum of Department of Zoology, Bangalore University, Bengaluru [Bangalore]. Current as: BUB (herps). See also: CCB. Karnataka. India.

Central College of Bangalore Museum, Bengaluru [Bangalore]. Note: originally affiliated with University of Mysore which became Bangalore University in 1964. See also: BUB. Karnataka. India.

Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Sciences (IISc), Bengaluru [Bangalore]. Current as: CES (herps). Also as: CESL (lizards). Karnataka. India.

Private collection of M. Arunachalam. Current as: CMA (fishes). Karnataka. India.

Geological Society of India, Bengaluru [Bangalore]. Current as: GSI (fossils). See also: GSI (headquarters, Kolkata, West Bengal). Karnataka. India.

Kuvempu University, Department of Environmental Science, Shankaraghatta, Shimoga District. Current as: KUES (herps). Karnataka. India.

National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bengaluru [Bangalore]. Current as: NCBS (herps). Karnataka. India.

Marine Biodiversity Museum, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi [Cochin]. Note: museum inaugurated in 2006, recognized as Designated National Repository (DNR) by Government of India in 2007; museum separate from older one in Mandapam, Tamil Nadu. Obsolete as: DNR GB (fishes), GB. Current as: CMFRI GA (cartilaginous fishes), CMFRI GB (bony fishes). Also as: CMFRI/PFD (fishes, Pelagic Fisheries Division), MBM. See also: MMMC (Mandapam, Tamil Nadu), NBFGR (genetic resources). Kerala. India.

Centre for Marine Living Resources & Ecology, Government Ministry of Earth Sciences, Kochi [Cochin]. Current as: CMLRE (fishes). Kerala. India.

Conservation Research Group Collection, St. Albert's College, Kochi. Current as: CRG-SAC (fishes). Kerala. India.

Museum of the Department of Marine Biology, Microbology and Biochemistry (DMMB), School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi [Cochin]. Formerly: University of Cochin. Current as: CUSAT (fishes). Kerala. India.

Department of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram [ex Trivandrum]. Obsolete as: DAB-UoK (fishes). Current as: DABFUK-FI (fishes). Kerala. India.

Museum of the Marine Research Laboratory of the Integrated Fisheries Project, Kochi [Cochin]. Note: descended from fishing centre established in Cochin in 1957 by Indo Norwegian Project; became IFP managed by Government of India in 1972 and renamed National Institute of Fisheries Post Harvest Technology and Training (NIFPHATT) in 2008; status of natural history collections unknown. See also: CMFRI. Kerala. India.

Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Thiruvananthapuram [ex Trivandrum]. Note: IISER-TVM is abbreviation for institution, but VPC-GK used to cite gecko specimen in collection. Kerala. India.

Kerala Agricultural University Natural History Museum, Thrissur. Current as: KAUNHM (herps). Kerala. India.

Kerala Forest Research Institute, Peechi. Kerala. India.

Museum of M.E.S. Ponnani College [affiliated with Calicut University], Ponnani, Malappuram District. Note: museum cited as repository for fish type specimens but mistakenly associated with collection at Cochin University of Science and Technology (CUSAT); existence of fish collection at Ponnani College not confirmed. Assigned here: MESPC. Kerala. India.

Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Kochi Unit, CMFRI Campus, Kochi [Cochin]. Note: founded in 1983. Current as: NBFGR-CH (fish tissues). Also as: NBFGR CHN, NBFGR/LRT. See also: CMFRI. Kerala. India.

Private collection of Mathews Plamoottil. Kerala. India.

Natural History Museum, Thiruvananthapuram [ex Trivandrum]. Current as: TNHM (herps). Kerala. India.

Zoology Museum, Christ College, Irinjalakuda. Current as: ZMCC F (fishes). Kerala. India.

Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghats Regional Centre [formerly Station], Kozhikode [Calicut]. Also known as: Western Ghats Field Research Centre. Obsolete as: WGRS, ZSI/CLT [Calicut Station], ZSI/WGFRS (Field Research Station), ZSI/WGRS. Current as: ZSI-WGRC (fishes, herps). Also as: ZSIK (herps). Kerala. India.

Zoological Survey of India, Central Regional Centre [formerly Station], Jabalpur. Obsolete as: CRS-ZSI, ZSI-CRS. Current as: ZSI-CRC. Madhya Pradesh. India.

Abasaheb Garware College, Zoology Research Laboratory, Pune. Obsolete as: AGC-ZRL. Current as: AGCZRL (herps). Maharashtra. India.

Bombay Natural History Society, Mumbai [Bombay]. Includes: specimens formerly deposited at Konkan field station museum, Ratnagiri. Note: unregistered fishes from old BNHS collection tranferred to ZSI-WRC. Obsolete as: BNHM. Current as: BNHS (herps), BNHS A (amphibians), BNHS FWF (fishes). Maharashtra. India.

Institute of Natural History Education and Research, Kothrud, Pune. Current as: INHER (herps). Maharashtra. India.

Fossil Repository of the Agharkar Research Institute, Pune. Current as: MACS (fossils). Maharashtra. India.

Fish Genetics and Biotechnology laboratory, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai [Bombay]. Current as: NKGMF (fish specimens), VIZNK (tissue samples). Maharashtra. India.

Department of Zoology, Arts, Commerce and Science College, Palus, Sangli District. Current as: ZID (fishes). Maharashtra. India.

Zoological Survey of India, Western Regional Centre [formerly Station], Pune. Includes: unregistered fishes from the old Bombay Natural History Society collection (BNHS) currently housed at ZSI-WRC, but not cataloged or registered into collection as of 2014. Obsolete as: ZSI-WRS. Current as: ZSI-WRC (fishes, herps). Also as: ZSIP, ZSI/WRC P/ (fishes). Maharashtra. India.

Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable Development, Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India, Takyelpat, Imphal. Manipur. India.

Manipur University Museum of Fishes, Chanchipur. Obsolete as: MUFM (fishes). Current as: MUMF (fishes). Also as: MUMF-Per 95 (W. Vishwanath personal collection), MUM (fishes, Manipur University Central Museum), RCMMF (fishes, Research Centre). Manipur. India.

Museum of Zoology, Mayai Lambi College, Yumnam Huidrom. Manipur. India.

Fish Biology Lab Museum, Department of Zoology, North Eastern Hill University, Shillong. Current as: FBLM (fishes). Meghalaya. India.

Zoological Survey of India, North Eastern Regional Centre, Shillong. Formerly: Eastern Regional Centre/Station. Obsolete as: ERS/ZSI, V/A/ERS, V/ERS, ZSI-ERC, ZSI/ERS, ZSI-E, ZSI-S. Current as: ZSI-NERC (fishes, herps). Also as: NERC/ZSI (herps), ZSI/NERC. Meghalaya. India.

Departmental Museum of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl. Current as: MZMU (herps). Also as: MZUBM (fishes, Mizoram University Biodiversity Museum). See also: PUCMF. Mizoram. India.

Pachhunga University College Museum of Fishes, Aizawl. Note: constituent college of Mizoram University, Aizawl. Current as: PUCMF (fishes). See also: MZMU. Mizoram. India.

Kohima Science College, Kohima. Also as: MA (amphibians). Nagaland. India.

National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi. Note: destroyed by fire 26 April 2016. Obsolete as: NMNH, NMNHI. Current as: NMND. New Delhi. India.

University of Delhi, Department of Environmental Studies, Systematics Lab, Delhi. Current as: SDBDU (herps). New Delhi. India.

Regional Museum of Natural History, Bhubaneswar. Current as: RMNH-BBSR-R (reptiles). Odisha [ex Orissa]. India.

Zoological Survey of India, Estuarine Biology Regional Centre [formerly Station], Gopalpur-on-Sea, Ganjam District. Obsolete as: EBS/ZSI/F. Current as: ZSI-EBRC (fishes). Also as: EBRC/ZSI/F (fishes). Odisha [ex Orissa]. India.

Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai. Formerly: Biological Station Reference Museum at Porto Novo (BSRM). Obsolete as: BSRM. Current as: CASAU. Tamil Nadu. India.

Chennai Snake Park Trust, Chennai. Formerly: Madras Snake Park (MSP). Obsolete as: MSP. Current as: CSPT (herps), CSPT/L (lizards), CSPT/S (snakes). Tamil Nadu. India.

Fisheries College Reference Museum, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Thoothukudi [Tuticorin]. Note: Fisheries College established in 1977 as constituent unit of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University at Thoothukkudi; currently Fisheries College and Research Institute (FCRI). Tamil Nadu. India.

Government Museum Chennai, Egmore, Chennai. Also known as: Madras Museum, Madras Government Museum (MGM). Obsolete as: MGM. Current as: MAD (herps). Tamil Nadu. India.

Private collection of J.D. Marcus Knight, Chennai. Note: to be deposited at Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre (ZSI-SRC). Current as: MKC (fishes). Tamil Nadu. India.

Marine Biodiversity Museum of Mandapam Regional Centre, Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute (CMFRI), Mandapam, Ramanathapuram District. Formerly: Museum of the Regional Centre of Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Mandapam Camp. Note: established in 1947; CMFRI headquarters shifted from Mandapam to Kochi [Cochin] with second museum established in Kochi. Current as: MMMC. Also as: CMFRI F (fishes), FMRI (fishes). See also: CMFRI (Kochi [Cochin], Kerala). Tamil Nadu. India.

Manonmaniam Sundaranar University Museum of Natural History, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Environmental Sciences (SPKCES), Alwarkurichi. Current as: MSUMNH (fishes). Also as: SPKCES. Tamil Nadu. India.

Sálim Ali Centre for Ornithology and Natural History, Coimbatore [Kovai]. Tamil Nadu. India.

Wildlife Information Liaison Development Society, Coimbatore [Kovai]. Note: cited as code, two-digit year of registration, collection abbreviation and catalog number, e.g. WILD-15-PIS (fishes registered in 2015), WILD-13-AMP (amphibians registered in 2013). Current as: WILD (fishes, herps). Tamil Nadu. India.

Zoological Survey of India, Marine Biology Regional Centre, Chennai. Tamil Nadu. India.

Zoological Survey of India, Southern Regional Centre [formerly Station], Chennai. Also known as: Zoological Survey of India, Madras (ZSIM). Obsolete as: SRC-ZSI, SRS/ZSI, ZSI-SRS, ZSI/SRS, ZSIC, ZSIM. Current as: ZSI-SRC. Also as: ZSI/SRC. Tamil Nadu. India.

Natural History Museum of Osmani University, Department of Zoology, College of Science, Osmania University, Hyderabad. Current as: NHM.OU.F (fishes), NHM.OU.AMPH (amphibians), NHM.OU.REP (reptiles). Telangana [ex Andhra Pradesh]. India.

Zoological Survey of India, Freshwater Biology Regional Centre, Hyderabad. Current as: ZSI-FBRC (fishes). Also as: FBRC/ZSI, FBS (Freshwater Biology Station). Telangana [ex Andhra Pradesh]. India.

Natural History Referral Museum, College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University (I), Lembucherra, Agartala. Current as: COF-CAU (fishes). Tripura. India.

Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Department of Zoology, Gorakhpur. Uttar Pradesh. India.

Faizabad Museum, Faizabad. Note: presumably defunct. Uttar Pradesh. India.

Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory, Geology Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow. Current as: LUVP (fossils). Also as: LUGD (fossil echinoderms), ULM. Uttar Pradesh. India.

St. John's College, Agra. Note: herp collection no longer extant; later maintained by the Academy of Zoology, Khandari Road, Agra, but that institution appears to be defunct. Uttar Pradesh. India.

Zoologische Museum, Kanpur. Note: presumably defunct. Uttar Pradesh. India.

Fish Museum, Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital. Current as: DCFR (fishes). Uttarakhand. India.

Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Department of Geology, R.S. Rana Vastan Lignite Mine collection, Srinagar. Obsolete as: VAS. Current as: GU/RSR/VAS (fossils). Uttarakhand. India.

Vertebrate Paleontology Laboratory, Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee. Formerly: University of Roorkee (RUSB) until 2001. Includes: fossils from Vastan lignite mine, Taluka Mangrol, Surat District, Gujarat. Obsolete as: RUSB. Current as: IITR (fossils). Also as: IITR/SB/VLM (fossils). Uttarakhand. India.

Wildlife Institute of India [vertebrate collections], Dehradun [Dehra Dun]. Current as: WII (herps). Uttarakhand. India.

Zoological Survey of India, Northern Regional Centre [formerly Station], Dehradun [Dehra Dun]. Obsolete as: NRS/ZSI, ZSI/NRS. Current as: ZSI-NRC. Also as: ZSI/NRC. Uttarakhand. India.

Aquatic Animal Biodiversity Museum, Department of Industrial Fish and Fisheries, Asutosh College, Kolkata [ex Calcutta]. Current as: AC-IFF/AABM/Pisces/ (fishes). West Bengal. India.

Museum of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (ASB), Kolkata [ex Calcutta]. Also known as: Oriental Museum of the Asiatic Society. Note: orginal natural history collection established ca. 1828, transferred to Indian Museum, Calcutta (IMC) in 1866 and then to Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) in 1916. Current as: ASK. West Bengal. India.

Bengal Natural History Museum, Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Darjeeling. Note: incorporated into West Bengal Zoo Authority (WBZA) in 2015. West Bengal. India.

Museum of Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR), Kolkata [ex Calcutta]. Current as: CIFE/KOL (fishes). West Bengal. India.

Geological Survey of India, Curatorial Division, Central Fossil Repository, Kolkata [ex Calcutta]. Note: GSI headquartered in Kolkata. Current as: GSI K (fossils). Also as: GSI/PAL/CR, GSI/GC. See also: GSI (Bengaluru, Karnataka). West Bengal. India.

Indian Statistical Institute, Geological Studies Unit, Palaeontological collections, Kolkata [ex Calcutta]. Current as: ISI P (fossil fishes), ISIR (fossil reptiles). Also as: GSU:ISI (fossil fishes). West Bengal. India.

Museum of the Calcutta Medical College, Kolkata [ex Calcutta]. Formerly: Medical College of Bengal, established in 1835. Note: status of natural history collections unknown; college closely associated with the Indian Museum in Calcutta (IMC, now ZSI) in late 1800s. Also as: MCMK. West Bengal. India.

Museum of the PG Department of Zoology, Raja N.L. Khan Women's College, Midnapur. West Bengal. India.

University of Calcutta, Department of Zoology, Kolkata [ex Calcutta]. West Bengal. India.

National Zoological Collections (NZC) of the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI), Kolkata [ex Calcutta]. Formerly: Indian Museum, Calcutta (IMC), Natural History Museum, Calcutta. Includes: collections transferred from Asiatic Society of Bengal (ASK) to IMC in 1866. Note: ZSI designated national repository for zoological collections in India in 2002. Obsolete as: IMC, ZSIF (fishes), ZSIK (herps). Current as: ZSI. Also as: NZC-ZSI, ZSI-F (fishes), ZSI FF (freshwater fishes), ZSIC (amphibians), ZSI-K (herps). West Bengal. India.

Zoological Survey of India, Marine Aquarium and Regional Centre, Digha. Current as: ZSI-MARC. Also as: MARC/ZSI. West Bengal. India.

Universitas Syiah Kuala [Syiah Kuala University], Faculty of Marine and Fisheries, Laboratory of Ichthyology, Banda Aceh. Current as: USK (fishes). Aceh. Indonesia.

Indonesian Biodiversity Research Center, Denpasar City. Note: opened in June 2010 as a collaboration between Udayana University, Diponegoro University, the State University of Papua, University of California Los Angeles and the Smithsonian Institution. Current as: IBRC (fishes). Bali. Indonesia.

National Catalogue for Indonesian Pisces, Koleksi Rujukan, Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi [reference collection, Oceanographic Research Center], Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), Ancol. Formerly: Visscherij Station (1905–1915); Visscherij Station te Batavia (1915–1922); Laboratorium Voor Het Onderzoek der Zee (LOZ, 1922–1949); Laboratorium/Lembaga Penyelidikan Laut [Laboratory/Institue of Marine Investigation] (1949–1962); Lembaga Penelitian Laut (1962–1970); Lembaga Oseanologi Nasional (LON) [National Oceanographic Institute], part of LIPI (1970–1986); Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Oseanologi [Center for Oceanographic Research and Development] (1986–2001). Note: fishes cataloged under NCIP remain housed in Ancol as of 2018, but eventually may be transferred to MZB in Cibinong. Obsolete as: LOZ, LON, LON NCIP, NCIV [typo]. Current as: NCIP. Jakarta. Indonesia.

Center for Research and Development of Oceanology, Indonesian Institute of Science, Ambon. Current as: CRDOA (fishes). Maluku. Indonesia.

School of Life Sciences and Technology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Bandung. Note: some herp specimens (including types) to be transferred to MZB in Cibinong; abbreviations DTI or ITB.DTI used for herps collected by Djoko T. Iskandar. Current as: ITB (herps), PALITB (fossils). West Java. Indonesia.

Vertebrate Palaeontology Collection, Geology Museum Bandung, Bandung. Current as: MGB (fossils). West Java. Indonesia.

Bidang Zoologi, Pusat Penelitian Biologi, Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI), Cibinong, Bogor Regency. Formerly: Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense (1894–1997). Obsolete as: LBN. Current as: MZB (fishes, herps). Also as: MZB.Lace (Lacertilia), MZB.Ophi (Ophidia). West Java. Indonesia.

Research Center for Climate Change, University of Indonesia, Kampus UI, Depok. Current as: UIMZ (herps). West Java. Indonesia.

Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Hessarak, Karaj. Also known as: Razi State Institute; Razi Institute (RI). Note: reptile collection inaccessible after death of Mahmoud Latifi in 2005. Alborz. Iran.

Terhan University Ichthyological Collection, Karaj. Current as: TUIC (fishes). Alborz. Iran.

Zoological Museum of Shiraz University, Collection of Biology Department, Shiraz. Formerly: Pahlavi University. Obsolete as: ZM-CBSUZG (fishes). Current as: ZM-CBSU (fishes, herps). Also as: CBSU (herps). Fars. Iran.

Fish Collection of Kiavash Golzarianpour, Gonbad Kavous University, Gonbad-e Kāvus. Current as: FCKG (fishes). Golestān. Iran.

Zoological Museum of Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Current as: ZMGU (herps). Also as: GUZM. Golestān. Iran.

Ichthyological Museum, Department of Fisheries Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara. Current as: GUIC (fishes). Guilan. Iran.

Zoological Museum of Hamedan University, Hamadān. Current as: ZMHU (herps). Hamadan. Iran.

Department of the Environment of Hormozgan Province Zoological Collection. Current as: DHZC (herps). Hormozgan. Iran.

Department of the Environment of Isfahan Province Zoological Collection, Isfahan. Current as: DEZC (herps). Isfahan. Iran.

Isfahan University of Technology Ichthyology Museum, Isfahan. Current as: IUT-IM (fishes). Isfahan. Iran.

International Center for Science, High Technology, and Environmental Sciences, Zoological Museum, Kerman. Obsolete as: ZCSK. Current as: ICSTZM (herps). Also as: ICSTZ (herps). Kerman. Iran.

Zoological Museum of Shahid Bahonar University, Kerman. Current as: ZM-SBUK (fishes), ZMSBUK.HD (herps). Kerman. Iran.

Razi University Zoological Museum, Kermanshah. Current as: RUZM (herps). Kermanshah. Iran.

Yasouj University Zoological Museum, Yasuj. Current as: YUZM (herps). Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad. Iran.

Fish collection, Fish Department, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj [Senneh]. Current as: FCFUK (fishes). Kurdistan. Iran.

Private collection of Farhang Torki, Nurabad [Noor Abad]. Note: cited as Farhang Torki Herpetological Museum (FTHM) and Farhang Torki Ecology and Herpetology Center for Research (FTEHCR). Current as: FTHM (herps). Also as: FTHR (herps). Lorestan. Iran.

Private collection of Mahdi Kazemi, Qom. Qom. Iran.

Private collection of Eskandar Rastegar-Pouyani. Note: associated with Hakim Sabzevari University (SUHC). Current as: ERP (herps). Razavi Khorasan. Iran.

Hakim Sabzevari University (HSU), Herpetological Collection, Sabzevar. Formerly: branch of Tarbiat Moallem University (SUZM, TMUS), Tehran. Obsolete as: SUZM, TMUS. Current as: SUHC (herps). See also: ERP. Razavi Khorasan. Iran.

Zoological Museum of Chabahar Maritme University, Chabahar. Current as: ZMCMU (fishes). Sistan and Baluchestan. Iran.

Ichthyological Museum, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Tehran. Current as: IMNRF-UT (fishes). See also: ZUTC (Zoological Museum). Tehran. Iran.

Muzeye Melli-e Tarikh-e Tabiei, Tehran. Also known as: Muzeh-e Melli-ye Tarikh-e Tabi'i [National Museum of Natural History]. Note: founded in 1973; now part of Iran Department of the Environment. Current as: MMTT. Tehran. Iran.

Private fish collection of Vatandoust and Mousavi-Sabet. Tehran. Iran.

Zoological Museum, University of Tehran Collection, Tehran. Current as: ZUTC. Also as: TUZM. See also: IMNRF-UT (fishes). Tehran. Iran.

Iraq Natural History Research Center and Museum, University of Baghdad, Al-Waziriya, Baghdad. Formerly: Iraq Museum of Natural History (IMNH, IMNHB). Includes: collection assembled by A.D. Niazi and staff at the Natural History Museum of the University of Baghdad. Note: some fossils in INHRCM, others in Department of Earth Science (Geology), College of Science. Obsolete as: IMNH, IMNHB, IRAQ. Current as: INHRCM (herps, fossils). Iraq.

Kurdistan Museum of Natural History, Salahaddin University, Erbil (SUE), Kurdistan. Current as: KMNH. Iraq.

University of Basrah, Marine Science Center, Basrah. Iraq.

National Museum of Ireland (Natural History), Dublin. Current as: NMI (fossils). Also as: NMING (fossils), NMINH (fishes, Natural History Division). Ireland.

Trinity College of Dublin, Geological and Zoological Museums. Includes: Huxley and Wright fossils (fishes and amphibians) that were moved to the National Musem of Ireland in 1959 and returned in 1994. Current as: TCD (fossils). Ireland.

Sea Fisheries Research Station, Haifa. Current as: SFRS (fishes). Israel.

Tel Aviv University Zoological Museum (TAU), part of Steinhardt Museum of Natural History (SMNH), Israel National Center for Biodiversity Studies, Tel Aviv. Obsolete as: TAUM, UTAI, ZMTAU. Current as: TAU (fishes, herps). Also as: SMNHTAU. Israel.

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Zoological Museum, Jerusalem. Obsolete as: HUJF. Current as: HUJ-F (fishes), HUJ-R (herps), HUJ-PAL (fossils). Israel.

Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali “Enrico Caffi”, Bergamo. Obsolete as: MCSN. Current as: MCSNB (fossils). Also as: MCSNBG (fossils). Bergamo. Italy.

Museo Archeologico e Naturalistico “Giuseppe Scarabelli”, Imola. Also known as: Museo Civico Giuseppe Scarabelli. Note: founded in 1857. Current as: MCGS (fossils). Bologna. Italy.

Museo Geologico “Giovanni Capellini”, Università di Bologna, Bologna. Also known as: Museo di Geologia e Paleontologia (MB, MGPC); Capellini Museum. Note: founded 8 March 1860, dedicated to Giovanni Capellini in 1911; some artifacts and fossils transferred to Palazzo Poggi (PP) in 2000. Current as: MGGC (fossils). See also: MZUB (fishes, herps), PP (herps). Bologna. Italy.

Museo di Zoologia, Università di Bologna, Bologna. Includes: Collezione/Museo di Anatomia Comparata (MACB) assembled by Antonio Alessandrini (1786–1861). Obsolete as: IBI. Current as: MZUB (fishes, herps). Also as: MZ (two herp specimens attributable to Ulisse Aldrovandi collection). See also: MGGC (fossils), PP (herps). Bologna. Italy.

Museo Ulisse Aldrovandi in the Palazzo Poggi, Bologna. Includes: part of Ulisse Aldrovandi (1522–1605) collection including world's oldest herpetological museum specimens; fossils formerly held by Capellini Museum (MGGC). Current as: PP (herps). See also: MGGC (fossils), MZUB (fishes, herps). Bologna. Italy.

Museo Civico di Scienze Naturali, Brescia. Current as: MCSNBS (fossils). Brescia. Italy.

Collezione Zoologica, Dipartimento di Biologia Animale ed Ecologia, Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Island of Sardinia. Obsolete as: MZUC. Current as: IZUCS. See also: MDLCA (fossils). Cagliari. Italy.

Museo Sardo di Geologia e Paleontologia “Domenico Lovisato”, Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche (DSCG), Università di Cagliari, Cagliari, Sardinia. Formerly: Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra (DSTC), combined with other departments in 2012 to form DSCG. Obsolete as: DSTC (fossils). Current as: MDLCA (fossils). See also: IZUCS (fishes, herps). Cagliari. Italy.

Museo di Scienze della Terra, Università di Catania, Catania. Current as: MSTC (fossils). Catania. Italy.

Museo Universitario dell'Università “G. D'Annunzio” di Chieti-Pescara, Chieti. Current as: CLC (fossils, Capasso-registered collection). Chieti. Italy.

Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Ferrara. Includes: herpetological collection of Guido Campadelli (Collezione Campadelli) donated in 2005. Current as: MCSNFE (herps). Ferrara. Italy.

Museo di Storia Naturale, collezioni della Sezione di Geologia e Paleontologia, Università di Firenze, Firenze [Florence]. Formerly: Institute of Geology, Firenze [Florence]. Obsolete as: MGPF, MGPUF, MGUF. Current as: IGF (fossils). Also as: MSNFI IGF (fossils). See also: MZUF (fishes, herps). Firenze [Florence]. Italy.

Istituto [Scuola] di Sanità Militare di Firenze, Firenze [Florence]. Firenze [Florence]. Italy.

Museo di Storia Naturale, collezioni della Sezione di Zoologia “La Specola”, Università di Firenze, Firenze [Florence]. Also known as: Museo di Storia Naturale di Firenze; Museo Zoologico La Specola. Formerly: Imperiale e Reale Museo di Fisica e Storia Naturale (IMRC, IRMC, MRF). Includes: new herpetological collection of Benedetto Lanza (NHCL). Obsolete as: IMRC, IRMC, MF, MRF, MZF, NHCL. Current as: MZUF (fishes, herps). See also: IGF (fossils). Firenze [Florence]. Italy.

Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e della Vita (DISTAV), Università di Genova [University of Genoa], Genova [Genoa] Note: DISTAV derived from merger of multiple institutes and departments including Dipartimento del Territorio e delle sue Risorse (DTRG), Istituto di Scienze Ambientali Marine and Istituto di Zoologia. Current as: IZUG. Also as: DTRG (sharks). Genova [Genoa]. Italy.

Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria” [Civic Museum of Natural History], Genova [Genoa]. Includes: Collection of Marquis Giacomo Doria (MSNGD). Obsolete as: MCG, MCSNG. Current as: MSNG (fishes, herps). Also as: MCSN (insects). Genova [Genoa]. Italy.

Museo Paleontologico Cittadino di Monfalcone, Monfalcone. Current as: MPCM (fossils). Gorizia. Italy.

Museo di Storia Naturale della Maremma [Maremma Natural History Museum], Grosseto. Current as: MNHM. Grosseto. Italy.

Istituto di Zoologia, Università degli Studi dell'Aquila, L'Aquila. Note: status unknown; some specimens moved to Università di Napoli Federico II (CMSNF/MZN). L'Aquila. Italy.

Museo di Storia naturale del Salento, Calimera. Also known as: Civic Museum of Natural History in Calimera. Current as: CNHM (fossils). Lecce. Italy.

Museo dell'Ambiente dell'Università del Salento [Museum of the Environment, University of Salento], Campus Ecotekne, Monteroni di Lecce. Current as: MAUS (fossils). Lecce. Italy.

Museo di storia naturale del Mediterraneo, Livorno. Current as: MSNL (sharks). Livorno. Italy.

Institute for Environmental Protection and Research, Laboratory of Milazzo ichthyological collection, Milazzo, Island of Sicily. Current as: ISPRA (fishes). Messina. Italy.

Museo della Fauna, Dipartimento di Scienze veterinarie, Università di Messina, Messina. Note: Università di Messina formerly associated with Istituto di Idrobiologia in Ganzirri (IIG); institute apparently no longer exists and status of collections unknown. Current as: MFV-ME (mollusks). Messina. Italy.

Acquario e civica stazione Idrobiologica, Milano [Milan]. Milano [Milan]. Italy.

Museo Paleontologia, Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra “A. Desio”, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano [Milan]. Current as: MPUM (fossils). Milano [Milan]. Italy.

Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, Milano [Milan]. Note: partially destroyed in August 1943 during World War II. Includes: extant collection assembled by Giorgio Jan (1791–1866). Obsolete as: MCSN. Current as: MSNM. Also as: BES (fossils). Milano [Milan]. Italy.