Background: Law enforcement ranks as one of the most stressful occupations in the world. Yoga is a mind-body practice composed of postures, breathing, and meditation techniques, and is known for its beneficial effects on stress and mood disturbance. Objectives: This pilot study evaluated the effects of Kripalu yoga on perceived stress, mood, and mindfulness during police academy training. Method: Forty-two recruits participated in a 6-class yoga intervention. Participants completed the Profile of Mood States-Short Form, Perceived Stress Scale, and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire prior to and immediately following completion of the yoga program, as well as an exit survey. Results: Paired samples t-tests revealed significant postintervention changes in perceived stress and mood, reductions in tension and fatigue, and a trend toward reduced anger. Changes in mindfulness were not detected. The exit survey indicated perceived benefits of yoga for some participants. Conclusions: This preliminary study suggests that yoga may be beneficial for reducing stress, tension, and fatigue among police academy trainees. Future longitudinal randomized controlled trials are needed to evaluate its full potential as a permanent component of police academy training.

Aitken, R. C. (1969). Measurement of feelings using visual analogue scales. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 62(10), 989.
Measurement of feelings using visual analogue scales
Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine
, vol. 
62
 pg. 
989
 
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13(1), 27-45.
Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness
Assessment
, vol. 
13
 (pg. 
27
-
45
)
Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Lykins, E., Button, D., Krietemeyer, J., & Sauer, S.(2008). Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples. Assessment, 15(3), 329-342.
Construct validity of the five facet mindfulness questionnaire in meditating and nonmeditating samples
Assessment
, vol. 
15
 (pg. 
329
-
342
)
Brody, B. L., Williams, R. A., Thomas, R. G., Kaplan, R. M., Chu, R. M., & Brown, S. I. (2000). Age-related macular degeneration: A randomized clinical trial of a self-management intervention. Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine, 21(4), 322-329.
Age-related macular degeneration: A randomized clinical trial of a self-management intervention
Annals of Behavioral Medicine: A Publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine
, vol. 
21
 (pg. 
322
-
329
)
Brown, J., & Campbell, E. (1990). Sources of occupational stress in the police. Work and Stress, 4, 305-318.
Sources of occupational stress in the police
Work and Stress
, vol. 
4
 (pg. 
305
-
318
)
Brown, R. P., & Gerbarg, P. L. (2005). Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: Part I-neurophysiologic model. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 11(1), 189-201.
Sudarshan Kriya yogic breathing in the treatment of stress, anxiety, and depression: Part I-neurophysiologic model
Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
, vol. 
11
 (pg. 
189
-
201
)
Carmody, J., & Baer, R. A. (2008). Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 31(1), 23-33.
Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program
Journal of Behavioral Medicine
, vol. 
31
 (pg. 
23
-
33
)
Chong, C. S. M., Tsunaka, M., Tsang, H. W. H., Chan, E. P., & Cheung, W. M. (2011). Effects of yoga on stress management in healthy adults: A systematic review. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 17(1), 32-38.
Effects of yoga on stress management in healthy adults: A systematic review
Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine
, vol. 
17
 (pg. 
32
-
38
)
Cohen, L., Warneke, C., Fouladi, R. T., Rodriguez, M. A., & Chaoul-Reich, A. (2004). Psychological adjustment and sleep quality in a randomized trial of the effects of a Tibetan yoga intervention in patients with lymphoma. Cancer, 100(10), 2253-2260.
Psychological adjustment and sleep quality in a randomized trial of the effects of a Tibetan yoga intervention in patients with lymphoma
Cancer
, vol. 
100
 (pg. 
2253
-
2260
)
Cohen, S., Kamarck, T., & Mermelstein, R. (1983). A global measure of perceived stress. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 24(4), 385-396.
A global measure of perceived stress
Journal of Health and Social Behavior
, vol. 
24
 (pg. 
385
-
396
)
Collins, P. A., & Gibbs, A. C. C. (2003). Stress in police officers: A study of the origins, prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force. Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England), 53(4), 256-264.
Stress in police officers: A study of the origins, prevalence and severity of stress-related symptoms within a county police force
Occupational Medicine (Oxford, England)
, vol. 
53
 (pg. 
256
-
264
)
Crank, J., & Caldero, M. (1991). The production of occupational stress among police officers: A survey of eight municipal police organizations in Illinois. Journal of Criminal Justice, 19(4), 339-350.
The production of occupational stress among police officers: A survey of eight municipal police organizations in Illinois
Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol. 
19
 (pg. 
339
-
350
)
Curran, S., Andrykowski, M., & Studts, J. (1995). Short Form of the Profile of Mood States (POMS-SF): Psychometric information. Psychological Assessment, 7(1), 80.
Short Form of the Profile of Mood States (POMS-SF): Psychometric information
Psychological Assessment
, vol. 
7
 pg. 
80
 
Executive Office of Public Safety and Security. Municipal police training basic recruit overview. (2011). Retrieved December 18, 2012, from http://www.mass.gov/eopss/law-enforce-and-cj/law-enforce/mptc/training-and-academies/recruit-officer-courses/full-time-recruit-officer-courses/ http://www.mass.gov/eopss/law-enforce-and-cj/law-enforce/mptc/training-and-academies/recruit-officer-courses/full-time-recruit-officer-courses/
Gaylord, S., Palsson, O., & Garland, E. (2011). Mindfulness training reduces the severity of irritable bowel syndrome in women: Results of a randomized controlled trial. The American Journal of Gastroenterology, 106(9), 1678-1688.
Mindfulness training reduces the severity of irritable bowel syndrome in women: Results of a randomized controlled trial
The American Journal of Gastroenterology
, vol. 
106
 (pg. 
1678
-
1688
)
Gerber, M., Kellmann, M., Hartmann, T., & Puehse, U. (2010). Do exercise and fitness buffer against stress among Swiss police and emergency response service officers? Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 11(4), 286-294.
Do exercise and fitness buffer against stress among Swiss police and emergency response service officers?
Psychology of Sport and Exercise
, vol. 
11
 (pg. 
286
-
294
)
Gershon, R., Barocas, B., & Canton, A. (2009). Mental, physical, and behavioral outcomes associated with perceived work stress in police officers. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36(3), 275.
Mental, physical, and behavioral outcomes associated with perceived work stress in police officers
Criminal Justice and Behavior
, vol. 
36
 pg. 
275
 
Gift, A. G. (1989). Visual analogue scales: Measurement of subjective phenomena. Nursing Research, 36, 286-288.
Visual analogue scales: Measurement of subjective phenomena
Nursing Research
, vol. 
36
 (pg. 
286
-
288
)
Gore, M. M. (2003). Physiological responses to Omkar and Gayatri mantra recitation in police trainees. Yoga Mimamsa, 35(3), 263-266.
Physiological responses to Omkar and Gayatri mantra recitation in police trainees
Yoga Mimamsa
, vol. 
35
 (pg. 
263
-
266
)
Griffin, S., & Bernard, T. (2003). Angry aggression among police officers. Police Quarterly, 6(1), 3.
Angry aggression among police officers
Police Quarterly
, vol. 
6
 pg. 
3
 
Hartfiel, N., Havenhand, J., Khalsa, S. B., Clarke, G., & Krayer, A. (2011). The effectiveness of yoga for the improvement of well-being and resilience to stress in the workplace. Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health, 37(1), 70-76.
The effectiveness of yoga for the improvement of well-being and resilience to stress in the workplace
Scandinavian Journal of Work Environment & Health
, vol. 
37
 (pg. 
70
-
76
)
Hickman, M., Fricas, J., Strom, K., & Pope, M. W. (2011). Mapping police stress. Police Quarterly, 14(3), 227-250.
Mapping police stress
Police Quarterly
, vol. 
14
 (pg. 
227
-
250
)
Iyengar, B. K. S. (1995). Light on yoga. New York, NY: Schocken Books.
Light on yoga
Jeter, P. E., Dagnelie, G., Khalsa, S. B. S., Haaz, S., & Bittner, A. K. (2012). Yoga for persons with severe visual impairment: A feasibility study. Alternative Medicine Studies, 2(1).
Yoga for persons with severe visual impairment: A feasibility study
Alternative Medicine Studies
, vol. 
2
 
Kirkwood, G., Rampes, H., Tuffrey, V., Richardson, J., & Pilkington, K. (2005). Yoga for anxiety: A systematic review of the research evidence. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 39(12), 884-91; discussion 891.
Kitaeff, J. (2011). Handbook of police psychology. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.
Handbook of police psychology
Kohan, A., & O'Connor, B. P. (2002). Police officer job satisfaction in relation to mood, well-being, and alcohol consumption. The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied, 136(3), 307-318.
Police officer job satisfaction in relation to mood, well-being, and alcohol consumption
The Journal of Psychology: Interdisciplinary and Applied
, vol. 
136
 (pg. 
307
-
318
)
Labott, S., Ahleman, S., Wolever, M., & Martin, R. (1990). The physiological and psychological effects of the expression and inhibition of emotion. Behavioral Medicine (Washington, DC), 16(4), 182-189.
The physiological and psychological effects of the expression and inhibition of emotion
Behavioral Medicine (Washington, DC)
, vol. 
16
 (pg. 
182
-
189
)
Lavey, R., Sherman, T., Mueser, K. T., Osborne, D. D., Currier, M., & Wolfe, R. (2005). The effects of yoga on mood in psychiatric inpatients. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 28(4), 399-402.
The effects of yoga on mood in psychiatric inpatients
Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal
, vol. 
28
 (pg. 
399
-
402
)
Lavretsky, H. (2009). Complementary and alternative medicine use for treatment and prevention of late-life mood and cognitive disorders. Aging Health, 5(1), 61-78.
Complementary and alternative medicine use for treatment and prevention of late-life mood and cognitive disorders
Aging Health
, vol. 
5
 (pg. 
61
-
78
)
Leung, D. Y., Lam, T.-H., & Chan, S. S. (2010). Three versions of Perceived Stress Scale: Validation in a sample of Chinese cardiac patients who smoke. BMC Public Health, 10, 513.
Liberman, A., Best, S., Metzler, T., Fagan, J., Weiss, D., & Marmar, C. (2002). Routine occupational stress and psychological distress in police. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 25(2), 421-441.
Routine occupational stress and psychological distress in police
Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management
, vol. 
25
 (pg. 
421
-
441
)
McCafferty, F. L., McCafferty, E., & McCafferty, M. A. (1992). Stress and suicide in police officers-paradigm of occupational stress. Southern Medical Journal, 85(3), 233-243.
Stress and suicide in police officers-paradigm of occupational stress
Southern Medical Journal
, vol. 
85
 (pg. 
233
-
243
)
Meffert, S. M., Metzler, T. J., Henn-Haase, C., Mccaslin, S., Inslicht, S., Chemtob, C., . . . Marmar, C. R. (2008). A prospective study of trait anger and PTSD symptoms in police. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(4), 410-416.
A prospective study of trait anger and PTSD symptoms in police
Journal of Traumatic Stress
, vol. 
21
 (pg. 
410
-
416
)
Miller, R. (1991). The psychophysiology of respiration: Eastern and Western perspectives. International Journal of Yoga Therapy, 2(1), 8-23.
The psychophysiology of respiration: Eastern and Western perspectives
International Journal of Yoga Therapy
, vol. 
2
 (pg. 
8
-
23
)
National Institutes of Health, National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine. (2012). What is CAM? Retrieved December 27, 2012, from http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam http://nccam.nih.gov/health/whatiscam
Parshad, O. (2004). Role of yoga in stress management. Journal of Western Indian Medicine, 53(3), 191-194.
Role of yoga in stress management
Journal of Western Indian Medicine
, vol. 
53
 (pg. 
191
-
194
)
Pilkington, K., Kirkwood, G., Rampes, H., & Richardson, J. (2005). Yoga for depression: The research evidence. Journal of Affective Disorders, 89(1-3), 13-24.
Yoga for depression: The research evidence
Journal of Affective Disorders
, vol. 
89
 (pg. 
13
-
24
)
Quigley, A. (2008). Fit for duty? The need for physical fitness programs for law enforcement officers. Police Chief, 75(6). 62-64.
Fit for duty? The need for physical fitness programs for law enforcement officers
Police Chief
, vol. 
75
 (pg. 
62
-
64
)
Ranta, R. (2009). Management of stress and coping behaviour of police personnel through Indian psychological techniques. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 35(1), 47-53.
Management of stress and coping behaviour of police personnel through Indian psychological techniques
Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology
, vol. 
35
 (pg. 
47
-
53
)
Ranta, R., & Sud, A. (2008). Management of stress and burnout of police personnel. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology, 34(1), 29-39.
Management of stress and burnout of police personnel
Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology
, vol. 
34
 (pg. 
29
-
39
)
Richmond, R., Wodak, A., Kehoe, L., & Heather, N. (1998). How healthy are the police? A survey of life-style factors. Addiction, 9 3(11), 1729-1737.
How healthy are the police? A survey of life-style factors
Addiction
, vol. 
9 3
 (pg. 
1729
-
1737
)
Ross, A., & Thomas, S. (2010). The health benefits of yoga and exercise: A review of comparison studies. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, NY), 16(1), 3-12.
The health benefits of yoga and exercise: A review of comparison studies
Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (New York, NY)
, vol. 
16
 (pg. 
3
-
12
)
Shelov, D. V., Suchday, S., & Friedberg, J. P. (2009). A pilot study measuring the impact of yoga on the trait of mindfulness. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 37(5), 595-598.
A pilot study measuring the impact of yoga on the trait of mindfulness
Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
, vol. 
37
 (pg. 
595
-
598
)
Sherman, K. J., Cherkin, D. C., Erro, J., Miglioretti, D. L., & Deyo, R. A. (2005). Comparing yoga, exercise, and a self-care book for chronic low back pain: A randomized, controlled trial. Annals of Internal Medicine, 143(12), 849-856.
Comparing yoga, exercise, and a self-care book for chronic low back pain: A randomized, controlled trial
Annals of Internal Medicine
, vol. 
143
 (pg. 
849
-
856
)
Speca, M., Carlson, L. E., Goodey, E., & Angen, M. (2000). A randomized, wait-list controlled clinical trial: The effect of a mindfulness meditation- based stress reduction program on mood and symptoms of stress in cancer outpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 62(5), 613-622.
A randomized, wait-list controlled clinical trial: The effect of a mindfulness meditation- based stress reduction program on mood and symptoms of stress in cancer outpatients
Psychosomatic Medicine
, vol. 
62
 (pg. 
613
-
622
)
Streeter, C. C., Whitfield, T. H., Owen, L., Rein, T., Karri, S. K., Yakhkind, A., . . . Jensen, J. B. (2010). Effects of yoga versus walking on mood, anxiety, and brain GABA levels: A randomized controlled MRS study. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 16(11), 1145-1152.
Effects of yoga versus walking on mood, anxiety, and brain GABA levels: A randomized controlled MRS study
Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine
, vol. 
16
 (pg. 
1145
-
1152
)
Van Puymbroeck, M., Payne, L., & Hsieh, P. (2007). A phase I feasibility study of yoga on the physical health and coping of informal caregivers. Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 4(4), 519.
A phase I feasibility study of yoga on the physical health and coping of informal caregivers
Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
, vol. 
4
 pg. 
519
 
Violanti, J. M. (1992). Coping strategies among police recruits in a highstress training environment. The Journal of Social Psychology, 132(6), 717-729.
Coping strategies among police recruits in a highstress training environment
The Journal of Social Psychology
, vol. 
132
 (pg. 
717
-
729
)
Violanti, J. M. (1993). What does high stress police training teach recruits? An analysis of coping. Journal of Criminal Justice, 21(4), 411-417.
What does high stress police training teach recruits? An analysis of coping
Journal of Criminal Justice
, vol. 
21
 (pg. 
411
-
417
)
Violanti, J. M., & Aron, F. (1993). Sources of police stressors, job attitudes, and psychological distress. Psychological Reports, 72(3, Pt. 1), 899-904.
Sources of police stressors, job attitudes, and psychological distress
Psychological Reports
, vol. 
72
 (pg. 
899
-
904
)
Violanti, J., Marshall, J., & Howe, B. (1985). Stress, coping, and alcohol use: The police connection. Journal of Police Science & Administration.
Stress, coping, and alcohol use: The police connection
Journal of Police Science & Administration
Wang, Z., Inslicht, S., Metzler, T., Henn-Haase, C., McCaslin, S., Tong, H., . . . Marmar, C. R. (2010). A prospective study of predictors of depression symptoms in police. Psychiatry Research, 175(3), 211-216.
A prospective study of predictors of depression symptoms in police
Psychiatry Research
, vol. 
175
 (pg. 
211
-
216
)
Williams, V., Ciarrochi, J., & Deane, F. P. (2010). On being mindful, emotionally aware, and more resilient: Longitudinal pilot study of police recruits. Australian Psychologist, 45(4), 274-282.
On being mindful, emotionally aware, and more resilient: Longitudinal pilot study of police recruits
Australian Psychologist
, vol. 
45
 (pg. 
274
-
282
)
This content is only available as a PDF.