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The PLC-PIP2-IP3 signaling cascade for the PIP2 Cycle.[13] PIP2 found in the plasma membrane lipid bilayer is cleaved by PLC into IP3 and DAG. IP3 activates calcium channels by binding to IP3 receptors found on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, causing the concentration of Ca2+ to increase within the cell through the release of Ca2+ into the cytosol. The cascade continues as PIP2 will replenish within the cell, as DAG kinase phosphorylates DAG to form PA and subsequent intermediate CDP-DAG by CDP-DAG synthase enzymes (CDS1 and CDS2). Inositol, converted from IP3 or from other sources, together with CDP-DAG, is converted to PI, which is phosphorylated by PI4Kα and PI4,P5K, respectively, to PIP2. PITPNM1/Nir2 and PITPNM2/Nir3 perform lipid transfer between membrane compartments. The pathway provides essential components to calcium signaling, a main contributor to regulating cellular functions.
Published: 27 March 2025
Figure 2 The PLC-PIP 2 -IP 3 signaling cascade for the PIP 2 Cycle. [ 13 ] PIP 2 found in the plasma membrane lipid bilayer is cleaved by PLC into IP 3 and DAG. IP 3 activates calcium channels by binding to IP 3 receptors found on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, causing the concentratio... More about this image found in The PLC-PIP 2 -IP 3 signaling cascade for the PIP 2 Cycle. [ 13 ] PIP 2 ...
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Differential regulatory roles of PIP2 toward cell membrane transporter proteins and ion channels.[32,45,93–103] PIP2 often has a regulatory function in the activation and inactivation of various transporter proteins and ion channels. These include ion channels for calcium (Ca2+), potassium (K+), and chloride (Cl−) ions, as well as receptor-channels for cations in receptor operated channels and TRP channels for ion transport. Functions also include altering sensitivity, slowing current rundown to lengthen current, shifting conductance voltage (g-V) to require a stronger depolarization voltage for activation, or acting as a cofactor for activation. The method and effect of PIP2 regulating each channel can differ within the types of transporter channels and can be specific to the cellular context of the channel. The figure provides an integrative view of PIP2’s influence on cellular and ion transport for homeostasis processes, emphasizing its role as a master regulator for transporting proteins and ions. Disruption in these processes can lead to pathological abnormalities.
Published: 27 March 2025
Figure 3 Differential regulatory roles of PIP 2 toward cell membrane transporter proteins and ion channels. [ 32 , 45 , 93–103 ] PIP 2 often has a regulatory function in the activation and inactivation of various transporter proteins and ion channels. These include ion channels for calcium (Ca ... More about this image found in Differential regulatory roles of PIP 2 toward cell membrane transporter pr...
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Published: 27 December 2024
Figure 1 The proposed hybrid edge-cloud framework architecture. AI: artificial intelligence; B-ALL: B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia; CLL: chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CSV: comma-separated values; ML: machine learning; VM: virtual machine. More about this image found in The proposed hybrid edge-cloud framework architecture. AI: artificial intel...
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