Peru, a mining and oil country in constant growth, with notorious political instability, on 15 January 2022 had the largest oil spill in its history in its marine waters, on the North coast of Port El Callao. With a completely outdated National Contingency Plan (1993), Peruvian authorities logically did not apply it. The article describes the characteristics and possible causes of the incident, then focuses on the capabilities, implying the available resources, which were implemented in stages by the oil company and endorsed by the Peruvian authorities. Following IPIECA's latest criteria, we present its concentric and evolutionary circle model applied to the Peruvian case, which allows us to visualize the 15 capacities that were applied (Fig.1-p.13). Thus, it can be seen that the country's capabilities were not up to the task of risk management, which was only outlined previously but not assessed. With active and latent errors outlined here, as well as some positive aspects of management, it is concluded that this was a true Tier III incident and a "Worst Case Scenario" for Peru. As DWH (2010) for the U.S., the oil industry, maritime and environmental authorities, as well as the organizations in Latin America (ARPEL-ROCRAM), have learned multiple lessons from this incident and should serve to review procedures and protocols.

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