ABSTRACT
This study focused on developing a sustainable composite material using metallic wastes of the iron-steel industry and plastic wastes of the plastic industry in order to reduce resultant waste from the production processes of various industrial products and to sustain waste management of these industries. In this study, different amounts of blast furnace dust (BFD), which is the major iron-steel industry waste and is used as filler for recycled low-density polyethylene (LDPE), was mixed with LDPE to produce the composite material. The morphology, mechanical, vicat softening temperature thermal conductivity, hardness and wear resistance properties of BFD filled LDPE composites were assessed. The increasing of BFD in recycled LDPE improved the heat resistance, increased thermal conductivity and wear resistance of composite materials. In addition, it was found that the composite materials had sufficient mechanical properties, when mechanical tests were evaluated. These results showed that the produced composite material could be used in buildings as a floor coating material and thereby saving raw materials and resources, as well as potentially reducing environmental problems.
REFERENCES
Akıncı
A,
Yetgin
S,
Yılmaz
Ş,
Şen
U.
2009
).
The variation of pin-on-disk wear properties of particle filled polymer matrix composites with applied loads
.
Sigma
,
27
:
129
–
138
.
Azeem
S,
Abdein
MZ
2012
).
Investigation of thermal conductivity enhancement in bakelite–graphite particulate filled polymeric composite
.
International Journal of Engineering Science
,
52
:
30
–
40
.
Barna
R,
Moszkowicz
P,
Gervais
C
2004
).
Leaching assessment of road materials containing primary lead and zinc slags
.
Waste Management
,
24
:
945
–
955
.
Bigg
D
1987
).
Mechanical properties of particulate filled polymers
.
Polymer Composites
,
8
:
115
–
122
.
Planning. Aalborg University
,
Denmark
.
Carson
JK
2011
).
Measurement and modelling of the thermal conductivity of dispersed aluminium composites
.
International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer
,
38
:
1024
–
1028
.
De Andrade Lima
L,
Bernardez
L
2011
).
Characterization of the lead smelter slag in Santo Amaro, Bahia, Brazil
.
Journal of Hazardous Materials
,
189
:
692
–
699
.
De Andrade Lima
L,
Bernardez
L
2011
).
Isotope source signatures for a primary lead smelter located close to Todosos Santos Bay, Brazil
.
Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal
,
20
:
672
–
687
.
Difen
L,
Longzhong
T,
Ning
L,
Haipeng
H
2005
).
Grinding characteristics of multi-component cement-based material. Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater
.
Sci. Ed
. ,
20
:
126
–
129
.
Dogantepe
G
2013
).
Investigation of hematite iron ores and blast furnace dusts’s availability in the sponge iron production (in Turkish)
.
Karabük University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences Department of Metallurgy Education
,
Karabük
.
European Commission.
(
2011
).
Plastic waste in the environment
.
Bio-inteligence Service and AEA Technology
,
Paris
.
European Commission.
(
2013
).
Green paper on a European strategy on plastic waste in the Environment
,
European Commission
,
Brussels
.
ElFaham
MM,
Alnozahy
AM,
Ashmawy
A
2018
).
“Comparative study of LIBS and mechanically evaluated hardness of graphite/rubber composites,”
Materials Chemistry and Physics
,
207
:
30
–
35
.
Fleischanderl
A,
Pesl
J,
Gebert
W
1999
).
Aspects of Recycling of Steelworks By-Products Through BOF
.
Seaisi Quarterly
,
28
:
51
–
60
.
Gungor
A
2006
).
The physical and mechanical properties of polymer composites filled with Fe-powder
.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
,
99
:
2438
–
2442
.
Hu
WT,
Xia
HW,
Pan
DL,
Wei
XL,
Li
J,
Dai
XJ,
Wang
HJ
2018
).
Difference of zinc volatility in diverse carrier minerals: The critical limit of blast furnace dust recycle
.
Minerals Engineering
,
116
:
24
–
31
.
Hong
R
2012
).
Plastic Waste Recycling and Greenhouse Gas Reduction Taking
.
Copenhagen as an example from life cycle assessment perspective
.
Master Thesis. Department of Development and
Jalkanen
H,
Oghbasilasie
H,
Raipala
K
2005
).
Recycling of steelmaking dusts: The Radust concept
.
Journal of Mining and Metallurgy B: Metallurgy
,
41
:
1
–
16
.
Kaps
R
2008
).
Comparative environmental evaluation of plastic waste management at national level on example of Polish and Austrian systems
.
Thesis for PhD, Poznan University of Economics, Faculty of Commodity Science, Poznan.
Kaştan
A,
Yalçın
Y,
Ünal
H,
Talaş
Ş
2015
).
PA 6 / YYPE / Nanokil Kompozitlerin Mekanik Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi
.
Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi
,
15
: (
1
):
9
–
20
. (
in Turkish
)
Lebedev
SM,
Gefle
OS
Tkachenko
SN
2010
).
Metal-Polymer Pvdf/Nickel Composites and Evaluation of Their Dielectric and Thermal Properties
.
Journal of Electrostatics
,
68
:
122
–
127
.
Luyt
A,
Molefi
J,
Krump
H
2006
).
Thermal, mechanical and electrical properties of copper powder filled low-density and linear low-density polyethylene composites
.
Polymer Degradation and Stability
,
91
:
1629
–
1636
.
Mikhailov
I,
Komaro
S,
Levina
V,
Gusev
A,
Issi
JP,
Kuznetsov
D.
2017
).
Nanosized zero-valent iron as Fenton-like reagent for ultrasonic-assisted leaching of zinc from blast furnace sludge
.
Journal of Hazardous Materials
,
321
:
557
–
565
.
Nyirenda
R
1991
).
The processing of steelmaking flue-dust: a review
.
Minerals Engineering
,
4
:
1003
–
1025
.
PlasticEurope, Plastics—the Facts 2014/15.
(
2015
).
An analysis of European latest plastics production, demand and waste data, Brussels
.
Robinson
R
2008
).
Studies in low temperature self-reduction of by-products from integrated iron and steelmaking
,
Diss. Luleå tekniska universitet.
Robinson
R
2005
).
High temperature properties of by-product cold bonded pellets containing blast furnace flue dust
.
Thermochimica Acta
,
432
:
112
–
123
.
Robinson
R,
Ökvist
LS
2005
).
High temperature properties of iron and steelmaking by-product cold bonded pellets
,
European Coke and Ironmaking Congress
,
pp. Tu3: 2 1–15 12–15 June Jernkontoret.
Rusu
M,
Sofian
N,
Rusu
D
2001
).
Mechanical and thermal properties of zinc powder filled high density polyethylene composites
.
Polymer Testing
,
20
:
409
–
417
.
Rybak
A,
Boiteux
G,
Melis
F
Seytre
G
2010
).
Conductive Polymer Composites Based on Metallic Nanofiller as Smart Materials for Current Limiting Devices
.
Composites Science and Technology
,
70
:
410
–
416
.
Solmaz
MY,
Muratoğlu
M,
Eroğlu
M
2011
).
Al2O3 Partikülleriyle Takviyelendirilmiş Polyester Matrisli Kompozitin Abrasiv Aşinma Davranişinin İncelenmesi
,
6th International Advanced Technologies Symposium (IATS’11)
,
16–18 May
,
Elazığ, Turkey
,
Proceeding Book, 579–582. (in Turkish).
Shi
C,
Qian
J
2000
).
High performance cementing materials from industrial slags—a review
.
Resources, Conservation and Recycling
,
29
:
195
–
207
.
Tavman
I
1996
).
Thermal and mechanical properties of aluminum powder filled high density polyethylene composites
.
Journal of Applied Polymer Science
,
62
:
2161
–
2167
.
Tavman
I
1997
).
Thermal and mechanical properties of copper powder filled poly (ethylene) composites
.
Powder Technology
,
91
:
63
–
67
.
Toro
P,
Quijada
R,
Arias
JL,
Yazdani Pedram
M
2007
).
Mechanical and Morphological Studies of Poly (propylene) Filled Eggshell Composites
.
Macromolecular Materials and Engineering
,
292
:
1027
–
1034
.
Tuna Kayılı,
M..
2016
).
Yüksek fırın baca tozu ve atık polietilen kullanılarak üretilen kompozit malzemenin yapıda kullanılabilirliğinin saptanması
,
Ph.D Thesis, Gazi University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Ankara. (in Turkish).
Tuna Kayılı,
M.,
Çelebi,
G.,
Güldaş,
A..
2018
).
Sürdürülebilir Yapı Malzemesi Hedefiyle Demir Çelik ve Plastik Endüstrisi Atıklarının Geri Kazanımı
.
Çukurova University Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture
,
33
: (
2
),
33
–
44
.
Vanhullebusch
ED,
Yin
NH,
Seignez
N,
Labanowski
J,
Gauthier
A,
Lens
PN,
Avril
C
Sivry
Y
2015
).
Bio-alteration of metallurgical wastes by Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a semi flow-through reactor
.
Journal of Environmental Management
,
147
:
297
–
305
.
Wang
S,
Qiu
J
2010
).
Enhancing thermal conductivity of glass fiber/polymer composites through carbon nano-tubes incorporation
.
Composites: Part B
,
41
:
533
–
536
.
Yang
S,
Bai
S,
Wang
Q
2015
).
Morphology, mechanical and thermal oxidative aging properties of HDPE composites filled by nonmetals recycled from waste printed circuit boards
.
Waste Management
,
57
:
168
–
175
.
Yu
L,
Liu
W,
Xue
Q
1998
).
Effect of various inorganic fillers on the friction and wear behaviors of polyphenylene sulfide
.
J. Appl. Polym. Sci
. ,
68
:
1643
–
1650
.
Yu,
L,
Bahadur
S,
Xue
Q
1998
).
An investigation of the friction and wear behaviors of ceramic particle filled polyphenylene sulfide composites
,
Wear
,
214
:
54
–
63
.
Zhang
Z.-Z,
Xue
Q-J,
Liu
W-M,
Shen
W-C
1997
).
Friction and wear properties of metal powder filled PTFE composites under oil lubricated conditions
,
Wear
,
210
:
151
–
156
.
Zheng
Y,
Shen
Z,
Cai
C,
Ma
S,
Xing
Y
2009
).
The reuse of nonmetals recycled from waste printed circuit boards as reinforcing fillers in the polypropylene composites
.
Journal of Hazardous Materials
,
163
:
600
–
606
.
This content is only available as a PDF.
Author notes
1. Karabuk University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Architecture, Karabük, Turkey
2. Çankaya University, Faculty of Architecture, Department of Interior Design, Ankara, Turkey
3. Gazi University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Manufacturing Engineering, Ankara, Turkey
© 2020 by College Publishing. All rights reserved.
2020