Ground Granulated Blast-furnace Slag (GGBS) powders, the massive by-products produced in the process of manufacturing cast iron are actively used as a substitute for cement, one of the major causes of greenhouse gas emissions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the proper mixing ratio of the activator, and to reduce the usage of cement in the production of high-strength steam cured concrete using GGBS. The cured products of various ratio were analyzed by XRD and TG/DTA, and the best ratio of the cured product were applied to the Pre-stressed high-strength concrete (PHC) Pile, and the performance was then evaluated. The results showed that the fluidity was improved by mixing with GGBS, and when an appropriate amount of activator was used, it was possible to produce high-strength cured products. In the PHC-Pile test, the replacement rate of 40% GGBS and combined 4% anhydrite gypsum and 2% Ca(OH)2 as an activator was excellent. The compressive strength (2MPa more), shear strength (1.3MPa more), and Axial force strength (2.7Mpa more) were more improved than for the normal Portland cement PHC-Pile, and this GGBS pile can be manufactured more economically (the cost can be saved in the amount of 14.5%). This is caused by the activating agent destroying the glassy film of the GGBS, and actively inducing the pozzolanic reaction, so that the hydrate materials are generated, such as C–S–H. In addition, by positively utilizing the inexpensive industrial by-product, GGBS, it is possible to manufacture environmentally friendly concrete products, while reducing the amount of cement used.

Earthen construction material, By-products recycling, PHC-Pile, Substitution cement
ACI 517.2R-87
(
1992
),
“Accelerated curing of concret at atmospheric pressure-state of the art”
ACI manual of concret practice part 5 : masonry, precast concrete, special processes,
pp.
17
.
Bentz
D. P.
(
2006
),
“Influence of water–cement ratio on hydration kinetics: simple models based on spatial considerations”
Cement Concr Res.
36
(
2
). pp.
238
–
244
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Chidiac
S. E.
and
Panesar
D. E.
(
2008
),
“Evolution of mechanical properties of concrete containing ground granulated blast furnace slag and effects on the scaling resistance test at 28 days”
Cement Concr Compos.
30
(
2
). pp.
63
–
71
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Dongxu
L.,
Xuequan
W.,
Jinlin
S.
and
Yujiang
W.
(
2000
),
“The influence of compound admixtures on the properties of high-content slag cement”
Cem Concr Res.
30
pp.
45
–
50
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
EI-Jazairi
B,
Illston
J. M.
(
1980
),
“The hydration of cement paste using the semi-isothermal method of derivative thermogravimetry”
Cement and Concrete Research
10
pp.
361
–
366
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Erdem
E.
and
Ölmez
H.
(
1993
),
“The mechanical properties of supersulphated cement containing phosphogypsum”
Cement Concr Res.
23
(
1
), pp.
115
–
121
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
International Energy Agency.
(
2016
),
“Energy Technology Perspectives: Towards Sustainable Urban Energy Systems”
Paris, ISBN 978-92-64-25233-2.
Jang
H. S.,
So
H. S.,
Jeon
S. H.
and
So
S. Y.
(
2014
),
“A study of the possibility of using TFT-LCD waste glass as an admixtuere for steam-cured PHC piles”
Magazine of Concrete Research
66
(
4
), pp.
196
–
208
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Juhasz
L.
(
1994
),
“Opoczky. Mechanical activation of minerals by grinding: pulverizing and morphology of particles,”
NY
:
Ellis Horwood Limited
.
Google Scholar
 
Korea standard association, KS F 2563
(
2014
)
“Ground granulated blast-furnace slag for use in concrete.”
Korea standard association, KS F 2594
(
2015
)
“Method of test for slump flow of fresh concrete.”
Korea standard association, KS F 4306
(
2014
)
“Pretensioned spun High strength concrete Piles.”
Korea standard association, KS L 5105
(
2017
)
“Testing method for compressive strength of hydraulic cement mortars.”
Korea standard association, KS L 5109
(
2017
)
“Practice for mechanical mixing of hydraulic cement pastes and mortars of plastic consistency.”
Korea standard association, KS L 5111
(
2017
)
“Flow table for use in tests of hydraulic cement.”
Korea standard association, KS L 5201
(
2016
)
“Portland cement.”
Krivenko
P.
(
2017
),
“Why Alkaline Activation—60 Years of the Theory and Practice of Alkali-Activated Materials,”
Journal of Ceramic Science and Technology
8
(
3
), pp.
323
–
334
.
Google Scholar
 
Mazloom
M.,
Ramezanianpour
A. A.
and
Brooks
J. J.
(
2004
),
“Effect of silica fume on mechanical properties of high-strength concrete.”
Cement Concr Compos.
26
(
4
) pp.
347
–
357
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Mindess
S.
and
Young
J. F.
(
1981
),
“Concrete.”
Prentice Hall
,
Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA
.
Google Scholar
 
Mun
K. J.
(
2002
),
“Properties of non-sintered cement and concrete recycled with industrial waste,”
Ph.D. Thesis. Chonbuk National University
pp.
63
–
77
.
Google Scholar
 
Mun
K. J.,
An
Y. J.,
Yoon
S. J.
and
Soh
Y. S.
(
2003
),
“Utilization of waste phosphogypsum for concrete products cured by steam”
In:
Proceedings of architectural institute of Korea
.
Pusan, Korea
:
Pukyong National University
pp.
359
–
362
.
Google Scholar
 
Mun
K. J.,
Hyoung
W. K.,
Lee
C. W,
So
S. Y.
and
Soh
Y. S.
(
2007
),
“Basic properties of non-sintering cement using phosphogypsum and waste lime as activator.”
Construction and Building Materials
21
pp.
1342
–
1350
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Mun
K. J.,
So
S.Y.
and
Soh
Y.S.
(
2007
),
“The effect of slaked lime, anhydrous gypsum and limestone powder on properties of blast furnace slag cement mortar and concrete.”
Construction and Building Materials
21
(
7
) pp.
1576
–
1582
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Panchanan
P.
and
Susmita
P.
(
2018
).
“Concrete-A Great Challenge and Role of Nano-Materials,”
Evolutions in Mechanical Engineering
1
(
4
), pp.
1
–
3
.
Google Scholar
 
Peiyu
Y.
and
Wenyan
Y.
(
2000
),
“The cementitious binder derived with fluorogypsum and low quality of fly ash”
Cement Concr Res.
30
(
2
), pp.
275
–
280
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Robbie
M. A.
(
2018
),
“Global CO2 emissions from cement production,”
Earth system science data
10
, pp.
95
–
217
.
Google Scholar
 
Sébaïbi
Y.,
Dheilly
R. M.,
Beaudoin
B.
and
Quéneudec
M.
(
2006
),
“The effect of various slaked limes on the microstructure of a lime–cement–sand mortar.”
Cement Concr Res.
36
pp.
971
–
978
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Sobolev
K.,
Turker
P.,
Soboleva
S.
and
Iscioglu
G.
(
2007
),
“Utilization of waste glass in ECO-cement: strength properties and microstructural observations”
Waste Manage (Oxford)
27
(
7
), pp.
971
–
976
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Tokyay
M.
(
2003
),
“Slags and cement containing slag,”
An evaluation report of cement stage and literature review.
TCMA
,
Ankara, Turkey
, p.
47
.
Google Scholar
 
Turkel
S.
and
Alabas
V.
(
2005
),
“The effect of excessive steam curing on Portland composite cement concrete,”
Cement Concr Res.
35
(
2
) pp.
405
–
411
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
Xinghua
F.,
Wenping
H.,
Chunxia
Y.,
Dongxu
L.
and
Xuequan
W.
(
2000
),
“Studies on portland cement with large amount of slag,”
Cem Concr Res.
30
pp.
645
–
649
.
Google Scholar
Crossref
Search ADS
 
This content is only available as a PDF.

Author notes

1. Ph.D., Jeonbuk National University, Department of Architectural Engineering, Korea.

2. Ph.D., Professor, Jeonbuk National University, Department of Architectural Engineering, Research Center of Industrial Technology, Korea, e-mail: [email protected] (Corresponding Author).