Since the COVID-19 pandemic, awareness of the importance of the indoor environment has increased. The indoor light environment is crucial because it impacts the energy consumption of buildings and affects human health and biorhythms as people spend most of their time indoors. Previous studies have concluded that the indoor light environment is essential to human health. However, it is not sufficient to analyze and evaluate the indoor light environment related to occupants’ health in the context of building design. Therefore, this study aims to review and propose an indoor light environment evaluation methodology for human well-being using quantitative and qualitative evaluations of light, health, and environment. This study presents guidelines for evaluating buildings’ indoor light environment for sustainability and well-being. Additionally, it provides an overall checklist of the indoor light environment evaluation process in Conceptualization, Light Environment Identification, Questionnaire, Environment Analysis, Comparison, and Conclusion. The evaluation checklist established through the results of this study could help establish a research methodology for the indoor light environment for human well-being, and apply it to evaluate indoor light environments for residents’ comfort and well-being.

1.
Beute
,
F.
and
Y.A.
de Kort
,
Salutogenic effects of the environment: Review of health protective effects of nature and daylight
.
Applied psychology: Health and well-being
,
2014
.
6
(
1
): p.
67
95
.
2.
Boubekri
,
M.
,
Daylighting, architecture and health: building design strategies
.
2008
:
Routledge
.
3.
Ellis
,
E.V.
, et al.
Auto-tuning daylight with LEDs: sustainable lighting for health and well-being
.
in ARCC conference repository
.
2013
.
4.
Leslie
,
R.
,
Capturing the daylight dividend in buildings: why and how?
Building and environment
,
2003
.
38
(
2
): p.
381
385
.
5.
Boubekri
,
M.
,
Daylighting design
.
2014
:
Birkhäuser
.
6.
Seyedolhosseini
,
A.
, et al.
,
Daylight adaptive smart indoor lighting control method using artificial neural networks
.
Journal of Building Engineering
,
2020
.
29
: p.
101141
.
7.
Baker
,
N.
and
K.
Steemers
,
Daylight design of buildings: a handbook for architects and engineers
.
2014
:
Routledge
.
8.
Zarrabi
,
M.
,
S.-A.
Yazdanfar
, and
S.-B.
Hosseini
,
COVID-19 and healthy home preferences: The case of apartment residents in Tehran
.
Journal of Building Engineering
,
2021
.
35
: p.
102021
.
9.
Li
,
C.
and
H.
Tang
,
Study on ventilation rates and assessment of infection risks of COVID-19 in an outpatient building
.
Journal of Building Engineering
,
2021
: p.
103090
.
10.
Boyce
,
P.
,
C.
Hunter
, and
O.
Howlett
,
The benefits of daylight through windows
.
Troy, New York
:
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
,
2003
.
11.
Tregenza
,
P.R.
and
I.
Waters
,
Daylight coefficients
.
Lighting Research & Technology
,
1983
.
15
(
2
): p.
65
71
.
12.
Reinhart
,
C.F.
,
J.
Mardaljevic
, and
Z.
Rogers
,
Dynamic daylight performance metrics for sustainable building design
.
Leukos
,
2006
.
3
(
1
): p.
7
31
.
13.
Yi
,
Y.K.
, et al.
,
Multi-objective optimization (MOO) of a skylight roof system for structure integrity, daylight, and material cost
.
Journal of Building Engineering
,
2021
.
34
: p.
102056
.
14.
Cheong
,
K.H.
, et al.
,
A simulation-aided approach in improving thermal-visual comfort and power efficiency in buildings
.
Journal of Building Engineering
,
2020
.
27
: p.
100936
.
15.
Mardaljevic
,
J.
,
L.
Heschong
, and
E.
Lee
,
Daylight metrics and energy savings
.
Lighting Research & Technology
,
2009
.
41
(
3
): p.
261
283
.
16.
Brainard
,
J.
, et al.
,
Health implications of disrupted circadian rhythms and the potential for daylight as therapy
.
Anesthesiology
,
2015
.
122
(
5
): p.
1170
1175
.
17.
Lee
,
J.
and
M.
Boubekri
,
Impact of daylight exposure on health, well-being and sleep of office workers based on actigraphy, surveys, and computer simulation
.
Journal of Green Building
,
2020
.
15
(
4
): p.
19
42
.
18.
Boubekri
,
M.
, et al.
,
The impact of optimized daylight and views on the sleep duration and cognitive performance of office workers
.
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
,
2020
.
17
(
9
):p.
3219
.
19.
Rea
,
M.S.
,
M.G.
Figueiro
, and
J.D.
Bullough
,
Circadian photobiology: an emerging framework for lighting practice and research
.
Lighting Research & Technology
,
2002
.
34
(
3
): p.
177
187
.
20.
Andersen
,
M.
,
J.
Mardaljevic
, and
S.W.
Lockley
,
A framework for predicting the non-visual effects of daylight–Part I: photobiology-based model
.
Lighting Research & Technology
,
2012
.
44
(
1
): p.
37
53
.
21.
Wienold
,
J.
Dynamic daylight glare evaluation
.
in Proceedings of Building Simulation
.
2009
.
22.
Konstantzos
,
I.
,
A.
Tzempelikos
, and
Y.-C.
Chan
,
Experimental and simulation analysis of daylight glare probability in offices with dynamic window shades
.
Building and Environment
,
2015
.
87
: p.
244
254
.
23.
Kolberg
,
E.
, et al.
,
Insufficient melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance in nursing home dementia units across seasons and gaze directions
.
Lighting Research & Technology
,
2021
: p.
1477153521994539
.
24.
Bellia
,
L.
, et al.
,
Matching CIE illuminants to measured spectral power distributions: A method to evaluate non-visual potential of daylight in two European cities
.
Solar Energy
,
2020
.
208
: p.
830
858
.
25.
Van Eck
,
N.J.
and
L.
Waltman
,
Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping
.
Scientometrics
,
2010
.
84
(
2
): p.
523
538
.
26.
Van Eck
,
N.J.
and
L.
Waltman
,
VOSviewer manual
.
Leiden
:
Univeristeit Leiden
,
2013
.
1
(
1
): p.
1
53
.
27.
Mongeon
,
P.
and
A.
Paul-Hus
,
The journal coverage of Web of Science and Scopus: a comparative analysis
.
Scientometrics
,
2016
.
106
(
1
): p.
213
228
.
28.
Figueiro
,
M.
, et al.
,
Comparisons of three practical field devices used to measure personal light exposures and activity levels
.
Lighting Research & Technology
,
2013
.
45
(
4
): p.
421
434
.
29.
Lucas
,
R.J.
, et al.
,
Measuring and using light in the melanopsin age
.
Trends in Neurosciences
,
2014
.
37
(
1
): p.
1
9
.
30.
Figueiro
,
M.
,
C.
Jarboe
, and
L.
Sahin
,
The sleep maths: A strong correlation between more daytime light and better nighttime sleep
.
Lighting Research & Technology
,
2021
.
53
(
5
): p.
423
435
.
31.
Boubekri
,
M.
, et al.
,
Impact of windows and daylight exposure on overall health and sleep quality of office workers: a case-control pilot study
.
Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine
,
2014
.
10
(
6
): p.
603
611
.
32.
MacNaughton
,
P.
, et al.
,
Economic implications of access to daylight and views in office buildings from improved productivity
.
Journal of Applied Social Psychology
,
2021
.
33.
Dogan
,
T.
and
Y.C.
Park
,
A critical review of daylighting metrics for residential architecture and a new metric for cold and temperate climates
.
Lighting Research & Technology
,
2019
.
51
(
2
): p.
206
230
.
34.
Lee
,
J.
,
M.
Boubekri
, and
F.
Liang
,
Impact of building design parameters on daylighting metrics using an analysis, prediction, and optimization approach based on statistical learning technique
.
Sustainability
,
2019
.
11
(
5
): p.
1474
.
35.
Doan
,
D.T.
, et al.
,
A critical comparison of green building rating systems
.
Building and Environment
,
2017
.
123
: p.
243
260
.
36.
Potrč Obrecht
,
T.
, et al.
,
Comparison of health and well-being aspects in building certification schemes
.
Sustainability
,
2019
.
11
(
9
): p.
2616
.
37.
Aries
,
M.B.
,
M.P.
Aarts
, and
J.
van Hoof
,
Daylight and health: A review of the evidence and consequences for the built environment
.
Lighting Research & Technology
,
2015
.
47
(
1
): p.
6
27
.
38.
Boyce
,
P.R.
,
The impact of light in buildings on human health
.
Indoor and Built Environment
,
2010
.
19
(
1
): p.
8
20
.
39.
Konis
,
K.
,
A novel circadian daylight metric for building design and evaluation
.
Building and Environment
,
2017
.
113
: p.
22
38
.
40.
Yi
,
Y.K.
,
Building facade multi-objective optimization for daylight and aesthetical perception
.
Building and Environment
,
2019
.
156
: p.
178
190
.
41.
Ibarra
,
D.
and
C.F.
Reinhart
.
Daylight factor simulations–how close do simulation beginners’ really’get
.
in Building Simulation
.
2009
.
42.
Boubekri
,
M.
and
J.
Lee
,
A comparison of four daylighting metrics in assessing the daylighting performance of three shading systems
.
Journal of Green Building
,
2017
.
12
(
3
): p.
39
53
.
43.
Reinhart
,
C.F.
and
D.A.
Weissman
,
The daylit area–Correlating architectural student assessments with current and emerging daylight availability metrics
.
Building and Environment
,
2012
.
50
: p.
155
164
.
44.
Nabil
,
A.
and
J.
Mardaljevic
,
Useful daylight illuminances: A replacement for daylight factors
.
Energy and Buildings
,
2006
.
38
(
7
): p.
905
913
.
45.
Nocera
,
F.
, et al.
,
Daylight performance of classrooms in a mediterranean school heritage building
.
Sustainability
,
2018
.
10
(
10
): p.
3705
.
46.
LM
,
I.
,
Approved method: IES spatial Daylight autonomy (sDA) and annual sunlight exposure (ASE)
.
Illuminating Engineering Society
. ,
2013
.
47.
Mardaljevic
,
J.
Examples of climate-based daylight modelling
.
in CIBSE National Conference
.
2006
.
Citeseer
.
48.
Wienold
,
J.
and
J.
Christoffersen
,
Evaluation methods and development of a new glare prediction model for daylight environments with the use of CCD cameras
.
Energy and Buildings
,
2006
.
38
(
7
): p.
743
757
.
49.
Iwata
,
T.
and
M.
Tokura
,
Examination of the limitations of predicted glare sensation vote (PGSV) as a glare index for a large source: Towards a comprehensive development of discomfort glare evaluation
.
International Journal of Lighting Research and Technology
,
1998
.
30
(
2
): p.
81
88
.
50.
Wienold
,
J.
, et al.
,
Cross-validation and robustness of daylight glare metrics
.
Lighting Research & Technology
,
2019
.
51
(
7
): p.
983
1013
.
51.
Chaloeytoy
,
K.
,
M.
Ichinose
, and
S.-C.
Chien
,
Determination of the Simplified Daylight Glare Probability (DGPs) Criteria for Daylit Office Spaces in Thailand
.
Buildings
,
2020
.
10
(
10
): p.
180
.
52.
Brown
,
T.M.
,
Melanopic illuminance defines the magnitude of human circadian light responses under a wide range of conditions
.
Journal of Pineal Research
,
2020
.
69
(
1
): p. e12655.
53.
Arendt
,
J.
,
Melatonin and the mammalian pineal gland
.
1994
:
Springer Science & Business Media
.
54.
Stehle
,
J.H.
, et al.
,
A survey of molecular details in the human pineal gland in the light of phylogeny, structure, function and chronobiological diseases
.
Journal of Pineal Research
,
2011
.
51
(
1
): p.
17
43
.
55.
Enezi
,
J.a.
, et al.
,
A “melanopic” spectral efficiency function predicts the sensitivity of melanopsin photoreceptors to polychromatic lights
.
Journal of Biological Rhythms
,
2011
.
26
(
4
): p.
314
323
.
56.
Faqih
,
F.
and
T.
Zayed
,
A comparative review of building component rating systems
.
Journal of Building Engineering
,
2021
.
33
: p.
101588
.
57.
Awadh
,
O.
,
Sustainability and green building rating systems: LEED, BREEAM, GSAS and Estidama critical analysis
.
Journal of Building Engineering
,
2017
.
11
: p.
25
29
.
58.
Elkhapery
,
B.
,
P.
Kianmehr
, and
R.
Doczy
,
Benefits of retrofitting school buildings in accordance to LEED v4
.
Journal of Building Engineering
,
2021
.
33
: p.
101798
.
59.
Mardaljevic
,
J.
,
J.
Christoffersen
, and
P.
Raynham
.
A proposal for a European standard for daylight in buildings
.
in Proc. Int. Conf. Lux Europa
.
2013
.
60.
Murakami
,
S.
, et al.
,
Development of a comprehensive city assessment tool: CASBEE-City
.
Building Research & Information
,
2011
.
39
(
3
): p.
195
210
.
61.
Eberl
,
S.
DGNB vs. LEED: A comparative analysis
.
in Conference on Central Europe towards Sustainable Building
.
2010
.
62.
Roh
,
S.
,
S.
Tae
, and
S.
Shin
,
Development of building materials embodied greenhouse gases assessment criteria and system (BEGAS) in the newly revised Korea Green Building Certification System (G-SEED)
.
Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews
,
2014
.
35
: p.
410
421
.
63.
Park
,
J.
and
T.R.
Rider
.
Facilitating the WELL Building Standard through Wellness Programs in the Workplace
.
in ARCC Conference Repository
.
2018
.
64.
Hellmuth
,
D.F.
, et al.
,
Biology and Building—The Living Learning Center at Washington University’s Tyson Research Center: A Journey on the Path to the Living Building Challenge
.
Journal of Green Building
,
2009
.
4
(
4
): p.
55
83
.
65.
Netzer
,
N.C.
, et al.
,
Using the Berlin Questionnaire to identify patients at risk for the sleep apnea syndrome
.
Annals of Internal Medicine
,
1999
.
131
(
7
): p.
485
491
.
66.
Buysse
,
D.J.
, et al.
,
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research
.
Psychiatry Research
,
1989
.
28
(
2
): p.
193
213
.
67.
Vernet
,
C.
and
I.
Arnulf
,
Idiopathic hypersomnia with and without long sleep time: a controlled series of 75 patients
.
Sleep
,
2009
.
32
(
6
): p.
753
759
.
68.
Zavada
,
A.
, et al.
,
Comparison of the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire with the Horne-Östberg’s morningness-eveningness score
.
Chronobiology International
,
2005
.
22
(
2
): p.
267
278
.
69.
Billings
,
M.E.
, et al.
,
Psychometric performance and responsiveness of the functional outcomes of sleep questionnaire and sleep apnea quality of life index in a randomized trial: the HomePAP study
.
Sleep
,
2014
.
37
(
12
): p.
2017
2024
.
70.
Yu
,
L.
, et al.
,
Development of short forms from the PROMIS™ sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairment item banks
.
Behavioral Sleep Medicine
,
2012
.
10
(
1
): p.
6
24
.
71.
Hanish
,
A.E.
,
D.C.
Lin-Dyken
, and
J.C.
Han
,
PROMIS sleep disturbance and sleep-related impairment in adolescents: examining psychometrics using self-report and actigraphy
.
Nursing Research
,
2017
.
66
(
3
): p.
246
.
72.
DHS
,
M.
,
Demographic and health surveys
.
Calverton
:
Measure DHS
,
2013
.
73.
Mihrshahi
,
S.
, et al.
,
Determinants of infant and young child feeding practices in Bangladesh: secondary data analysis of Demographic and Health Survey 2004
.
Food and Nutrition Bulletin
,
2010
.
31
(
2
): p.
295
313
.
74.
Jenkinson
,
C.
,
A.
Coulter
, and
L.
Wright
,
Short form 36 (SF36) health survey questionnaire: normative data for adults of working age
.
British Medical Journal
,
1993
.
306
(
6890
): p.
1437
1440
.
75.
Al-Sanea
,
S.A.
,
M.
Zedan
, and
S.A.
Al-Ajlan
,
Adjustment factors for the ASHRAE clear-sky model based on solar-radiation measurements in Riyadh
.
Applied Energy
,
2004
.
79
(
2
): p.
215
237
.
76.
Radloff
,
L.S.
,
The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults
.
Journal of Youth and Adolescence
,
1991
.
20
(
2
): p.
149
166
.
77.
Watson
,
D.
and
L.A.
Clark
,
The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule-expanded form
.
1999
.
78.
Craig
,
C.L.
, et al.
,
International physical activity questionnaire: 12-country reliability and validity
.
Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise
,
2003
.
35
(
8
): p.
1381
1395
.
79.
Drummond
,
S.P.
, et al.
,
The neural basis of the psychomotor vigilance task
.
Sleep
,
2005
.
28
(
9
): p.
1059
1068
.
80.
Loon
,
M.
,
J.
Evans
, and
C.
Kerridge
,
Learning with a strategic management simulation game: A case study
.
The International Journal of Management Education
,
2015
.
13
(
3
): p.
227
236
.
81.
Streufert
,
S.
,
R.
Pogash
, and
M.
Piasecki
,
Simulation-based assessment of managerial competence: reliability and validity
.
Personnel Psychology
,
1988
.
41
(
3
): p.
537
557
.
82.
Wotton
,
E.
,
The IESNA Lighting Handbook and office lighting
.
Lighting
,
2000
.
14
.
This content is only available as a PDF.