Racing Against the Clock: Internal Medicine Residents' Time Spent On Electronic Health Records Open Access

Adoption of the electronic health record (EHR) has increased dramatically in all practice settings and in residency and fellowship programs in the United States. Compared with physician-owned practices, adoption rates are higher at facilities responsible for training the next generation of physicians, including community teaching settings, academic health centers, and health maintenance organizations.¹ 

The amount of time spent on clinical documentation has been increasing since the late 1980s.^2,3  While electronic records are easier to read, significantly more time is spent on the EHR compared with paper charts.^4–6  Recent studies have found that physicians spend more time on electronic documentation than providing direct patient care,^2,7–11  and other studies have reported that clinical computer work constitutes the highest proportion of time spent by physicians.^12–15  The majority of studies were based on subjective reporting by physicians or other observers, limiting their validity. A recent study raised concerns about errors in subjective reporting.¹⁶  Automated tracking logs of screen time on the EHR provide objective data that minimize the error of human reporting.¹⁷ 

Kuhn et al¹⁸  and Clynch and Kellett³  highlighted that increasing time spent on the EHR is due to a transition from its original role as a communication tool with a focus on patient care to a tool focused on regulatory compliance, billing, auditing, and coding. Time has been spent on generating increasingly longer clinical notes in the past 2 decades,^2,18  some of which appear to never be read.¹⁷  Multiple studies have raised concern about the increased time physicians spend on documentation,^2,3,11,13  which consumes between 25% to 60% of resident physicians' time.^{2,3,8,11,12,19} 

The purpose of our study was to quantify the amount of time first-year residents spend on electronic documentation, using a built-in time tracking program from our EHR, and then to compare this to objectively reported times published in the literature.

This retrospective observational study took place in the internal medicine (IM) residency program at a 691-bed, university-affiliated, community teaching hospital. EHR usage data (Cerner Corp, Kansas City, MO) was retrieved from the Department of Information Technology for the months of May, July, and October 2014 and January 2015. Usage time was tracked on the EHR from user log in to log out, and was subdivided into active EHR use and inactive EHR use. Active EHR use was defined as more than 3 mouse clicks (or 15 keystrokes) or 1700 mouse miles (pixels) per minute. Inactive EHR use, defined as any tracked time outside of active EHR use, was excluded from our analysis.

Active EHR usage time was tallied for each patient chart viewed each day and was termed an electronic patient record encounter (EPRE). The EHR usage activities within the EPRE included chart reviews, orders, chart documentation, and other activities. Other activities were the times spent outside of the 3 aforementioned categories, including time spent on using EHR-integrated resources, such as communicating with providers via text-paging and cross-checking regulatory, medical, or peer-reviewed resources.

A single EHR system was used to track inpatient, ambulatory, and emergency care. Active EHR usage time by physicians was mostly recorded at computer stations away from the bedside. Mobile computer stations equipped with EHR were utilized during teaching rounds at patients' approval and attending physicians' discretion. Handheld electronic devices with EHR capabilities were sparsely used during the time of this study.

First-year IM residents (N = 41) were identified from the department's roster and comprised the July through January portion of this study. One intern was partially excluded from the analysis due to early completion of training. Data from the previous May included the previous intern class for comparison purposes (n = 36). Interns participated in inpatient, ambulatory, and emergency care. Inpatient care included medicine consulting services and inpatient units staffed primarily by IM residents. This included general medical floors, intensive care units, and step-down units. Ambulatory care included general medicine and subspecialty clinics. Interns were divided into 2 groups based on time spent per EPRE above or below the median time in July. Twenty interns who averaged less time per EPRE were termed fast providers (FPs). Remaining interns were termed average providers (APs). Incoming interns received formal training on the EHR in early June. With the exception of minor system updates, no other formal training was provided over the duration of the study.

This study was approved as a quality improvement project by the Institutional Review Board at New York Methodist Hospital.

Active EHR usage times were displayed as average time (± SD) per physician. Average time for each group of physicians was weighted according to the number of EPREs per individual physician. Comparisons of EHR usage from July 2014, October 2014, and January 2015 were assessed using paired Student t tests. All other comparisons were assessed using 2-sample Student t tests or analysis of variance when appropriate.

The entire IM intern class was included in this study (41 of 41). The IM interns spent 18 322 hours to review 33 733 EPREs over the span of this study. Each intern spent an average of 40 ± 11 minutes per EPRE in July and 30 ± 5 minutes per EPRE in January (P < .001; figure 1). Each IM intern viewed on average 215 EPREs in May, 198 in July, 227 in October, and 220 in January. Each IM intern spent on average 107 hours on the EHR in May, 131 hours in July, 118 hours in October, and 108 hours in January. From July to January, total hours of active EHR use per intern showed a decrease of 23 hours (18%) despite 17 more EPREs in January (P < .001). A significant reduction in time was noted in all 4 categories of EHR usage activities (2 minutes in chart review, 2 minutes in orders, 3 minutes in documentation, and 2 minutes in other activities; all P < .001; figure 2). January's data echoed that of the previous May in all categories of EHR usage activities (all P > .05; table 1).

Differences between fast provider and average provider users are detailed in table 2. The FP interns spent 33 ± 5 minutes per EPRE in July and 28 ± 4 minutes in January. In contrast, AP interns averaged 47 ± 9 minutes per EPRE in July and 32 ± 5 in January. Only 3 interns had increased average time per EPRE from July to January. Those interns were FP users with the lowest average time spent per EPRE in July.

Furthermore, AP users showed a more significant time reduction than FP users (15 minutes versus 5 minutes, P < .001). Time reduction was noted in all 4 categories of EHR usage activities in both FP and AP users. A greater magnitude of time reduction was noted in all 4 categories for the AP group (all P < .001; table 2), with the most significant reduction occurring in chart review (5 minutes versus 1 minute).

Our study objectively measured interns' EHR use and found that interns spent at least 5 hours a day on the EHR caring for a maximum of 10 patients, confirming prior subjective reports. Interns spent 7 hours a day in July and 5 hours of day in January. This improvement was most likely gained from increased familiarity with using the EHR, comfort with managing different clinical scenarios, and learning from colleagues. The reduced number of EPREs in July was due to a daily patient contact limit set by the program director. Interns spent the most amount of time per EPRE in July. A steady decline in time spent per EPRE was noted as residents became more familiar with the EHR and increased their comfort with patient management. In January, interns spent shorter or comparable time to interns from a different cohort during the previous May. This suggests that interns reached the maximal proficiency level on clinical documentation prior to or around January.

There was a noticeable reduction in both average time spent and SD per EPRE for interns between July and January, especially for average providers. By January, the new interns reached the same time spent per EPRE as the previous intern class in May. Compared to July, there is a notable convergence to time spent on the EHR by January (figure 3). This is a novel observation to the best of our knowledge, which begs the question: Did the intern class reach their optimal time spent per EPRE in 7 months or less? Additionally, it should be noted that optimizing the time interns spend on the EHR is a factor that should be addressed without compromising the quality of documentation, along with maximizing the time spent at the bedside and complying with regulatory requirements. These issues must be addressed to further reduce time consumed by clinical documentation.

Although increased familiarity reduced time spent on clinical documentation, a significant portion of an intern's day is still consumed by clinical computer work. Our data correlate well with national survey data, showing that IM residents spent more than 4 hours per day on clinical documentation.²  Furthermore, a nationwide survey revealed that residents' perceptions of the time devoted to documentation were generally negative; residents felt that clinical documentation took time away from education, patient care, and more importantly, motivation to provide high-quality care.¹⁰  This has been linked to reduced resident satisfaction and increased burnout.^10,20–22  Therefore, to address resident satisfaction and thus improve motivation to provide patient-centered quality care, reducing the time residents spend on clinical documentation should be a priority.

Limitations of our study include its single center, observational, and retrospective format. Although computer-generated logs provide objective data on time spent on the EHR, further studies are needed to explore the impact on quality of care, patients' satisfaction, and experience. Finally, the quality of clinical documentations is an important issue as well, and the amount of time spent on clinical documentation does not imply the quality of documentation.

Internal medicine interns spent a significant amount of time actively using the EHR, achieving maximal proficiency on or before January 2015. Decreased time spent on the EHR may reflect greater familiarity with the EHR, built-in EHR efficiencies, or other factors.