Electrocardiographic (ECG) variables were measured in 22 healthy, free-ranging brown bears (Ursus arctos) anesthetized with a combination of medetomidine, tiletamine, and zolazepam during research and management operations in south-central Sweden. Six-limb lead ECGs and the base-apex lead were recorded. Morphologies, amplitudes, rhythms, and durations of P waves, PQ intervals, QRS complexes, T waves, QT intervals, and QT intervals corrected for heart rate (QTc) were calculated from the base-apex lead. The mean electrical axis (MEA) for each individual was approximated in the frontal plane from the heights of R waves in leads I (X axis) and aVF (Y axis). All 22 bears had sinus rhythms and 10 of them had respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Heart rates ranged from 43 to 103 beats per minute and were independent of body mass. The MEA was 78.6 (±5.5) degrees. Some bears had strikingly peaked T waves, and many had pronounced notching (high frequency components) to the QRS complex. This information contributes to the limited data base of electrocardiography for brown bears and elucidates ECG similarities with other species in the order Carnivora.
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CLINICAL PATHOLOGY|
July 01 2010
BASELINE NORMAL VALUES AND PHYLOGENETIC CLASS OF THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM OF ANESTHETIZED FREE-RANGING BROWN BEARS (URSUS ARCTOS)
A. Rae Gandolf;
A. Rae Gandolf
8
1 2615 E Newman St., Zanesville, Ohio, USA
8 Corresponding author (email: raegandolf@yahoo.com)
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Åsa Fahlman;
Åsa Fahlman
2 Department of Pathology and Wildlife Diseases, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
3 Section of Anesthesiology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7054, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Jon M. Arnemo;
Jon M. Arnemo
4 Faculty of Forestry and Wildlife Management, Hedmark University College, Campus Evenstad, NO-2418 Elverum, Norway
5 Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Faculty of Forest Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901 83 Umeå, Sweden
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James L. Dooley;
James L. Dooley
6 Muskingum College, Science Division, 163 Stormont St., New Concord, Ohio 43762, USA
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Robert Hamlin
Robert Hamlin
7 Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1900 Coffey Rd., Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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J Wildl Dis (2010) 46 (3): 724–730.
Article history
Received:
July 25 2009
Accepted:
January 04 2010
Citation
A. Rae Gandolf, Åsa Fahlman, Jon M. Arnemo, James L. Dooley, Robert Hamlin; BASELINE NORMAL VALUES AND PHYLOGENETIC CLASS OF THE ELECTROCARDIOGRAM OF ANESTHETIZED FREE-RANGING BROWN BEARS (URSUS ARCTOS). J Wildl Dis 1 July 2010; 46 (3): 724–730. doi: https://doi.org/10.7589/0090-3558-46.3.724
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