Effects of Detox Juices on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of Universal Chromatic Resin Composites Open Access

Facilitating treatment procedures has long been a top priority in the development of materials in restorative dentistry. Innovations such as universal adhesive systems¹ , bulk-fill composites, and high-power light-curing devices²  have led to significant progress in this field. In recent years, universal chromatic resin-based composites (RBCs) have come to the fore, simplifying the color selection process by reducing the need for a combination of layers with different shades and translucencies.³  This advantage considerably reduces the complexity of the treatment because the universal chromatic RBCs contain fewer shades (group- or single-shade) than earlier resin composites due to their improved “blending effect” with the tooth structure.¹  This phenomenon, also known as the “chameleon effect,” is defined as the ability of dental materials to show color shifting toward the color of the surrounding dental cavity.⁴  This makes it easier to create almost imperceptible restorations with fewer shades.¹ 

An initial approach in this context was the group-shade resin composites that comprised a limited number of shades, with each shade covering a suggested range of VITA classical shades. Neo Spectra ST (NS, Dentsply DeTrey GmbH, Konstanz, Germany) is available as five universal “cloud shades,” a term used by the manufacturer to describe its group-shade system that matches the full VITA range.⁵  Recently, a few single-shade or one-shade universal chromatic composites that could professedly match all 16 Vita Classical shades from A1 to D4 have been launched.⁶  Omnichroma (OM, Tokuyama Dental, Tokyo, Japan) is a pigment-free single-shade resin composite. Its optical properties rely on structural color, a “smart chromatic technology” in which the material reacts to light at a specified frequency. The rationale behind this phenomenon is elucidated by the uniformly spherical SiO₂ and ZrO₂ particles with a diameter of 260 nanometers (nm), manufactured by the “solgel method.”⁷  Another innovative technology used to develop Charisma Topaz One (CT, Kulzer GmbH, Hanau, Germany) is based on the “adaptive light matching” concept, where the shade of the restoration is determined by absorbing the light waves reflected by the surrounding tooth shade.⁸ 

In addition to the aforementioned materials, highly filled flowable or “injectable” resin composites, known for their ease of application in cavities due to their flowability, have also become established in clinical practice. These materials exhibit improved mechanical and esthetic properties compared to initially produced flowable materials, owing to their high filler content. Nevertheless, they retain the desired consistency and uniform spreading ability, thereby simplifying the restoration procedure.⁹  The most unique characteristic of G-ænial Universal Injectable (GU, GC Europe, Leuven, Belgium), a multi-shade resin composite available in 16 shades and three translucency levels, is the combination of full-coverage silane coating technology with a high load of 150-nm ultra-fine barium particles in the improved resin monomer matrix.^10,11 

Despite the improved performance of RBCs, maintaining color stability and surface texture in the dynamic oral environment throughout their functional lifetime remains a clinical challenge.¹²  The color stability of RBCs has been associated with intrinsic factors such as the degree of conversion, organic matrix content, filler particle size and hardness, type of initiator system, material polishability, and extrinsic factors such as water sorption, adsorption of colorant agents, smoking habits, and deficient oral hygiene.¹³  Based on our review of the literature, although a great variety of studies have examined the discoloration effects of solutions such as coffee, tea, wine, cola, juices, and mouth rinses on universal RBCs,^13–17  there appears to be a paucity of research investigating the effects of detox juices on RBCs in the dental literature.

Today's wellness-focused consumers are prioritizing their health more than ever before, and consequently, the demand for nutritional solutions in convenient formats has grown considerably.¹⁸  Concurrently with the increasing consumption of detox juices produced freshly by cold-pressing various vegetables, fruits, nuts, and seeds, questions have arisen regarding their potential detriment to restorative materials.¹⁹  These fruits and vegetables are colored because of the existence of pigments, which can be grouped into green chlorophylls, yellow to orange carotenoids, red to blue anthocyanins, and red and yellow betalains.²⁰  Current dietary guidelines and health promotion campaigns have encouraged individuals to “eat by color” of fruits and vegetables in an attempt to improve health.²¹  Red detox juice, one of the colored juices chosen for the present study, contains red beetroot, rich in polyphenols, and natural red-violet coloring pigments known as betalains.²²  Other ingredients, red apple and cabbage, also contain anthocyanins, a class of natural water-soluble flavonoids responsible for cyanic colors.²³  The second juice chosen for this study, green detox juice, contains spinach, which has various pigments, predominantly green chlorophylls and yellow, orange, and red carotenoids²⁴  and avocado, which contains considerable quantities of plant pigments, including chlorophylls, carotenoids, and anthocyanins.²⁵  Carotenoids are also the pigments responsible for the color of citrus fruits (lemon and orange) and pineapple in the yellow detox juice.²⁶  In addition, it should be noted that detox juices containing various combinations of organic fruit acids, such as malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, and oxalic acids show high titratable acidity.²⁷  Acidic pH solutions induce the hydrolysis of methacrylate ester bonds in the organic matrix of RBCs, leading to a disruption of the polymer network and a deterioration in the physical properties of the materials, such as surface roughness.²⁸  Increased surface roughness makes resin composite materials prone to discoloration, wear, loss of gloss, and plaque accumulation.^29,30  Similar to factors affecting staining, surface roughness is internally related to the content of fillers (size, type, and distribution of the particles) and the composition of the matrix resin;^28,29  it is also influenced by external factors such as the acidity of food and beverages and functional/parafunctional loads.²⁸  Therefore, it seems reasonable to assume that such beverages may accelerate the deterioration of universal chromatic RBCs due to their acidic pH as well as their discoloring properties.

It is crucial to emphasize that factors influencing color change and surface roughness can be based on both beverages (pH, colorants, consumption frequency) and dental materials (composition, characteristics).¹²  Thus, the aim of this in vitro study was to investigate the effects of three detox juices (red, green, yellow) on the color stability and surface topography of contemporary universal shade resin composites. The null hypotheses were that there would be no differences in (1) color change and (2) surface roughness values of four universal composites after immersion in the tested beverages for 15 and 30 days, and (3) there would be no correlation between color change and surface roughness values.

The restorative materials in this study included one multi-shade injectable (G-ænial Universal Injectable), one group-shade (Neo Spectra ST), and two one-shade (Omnichroma and Charisma Topaz One) universal RBCs. The details of these materials are summarized in Table 1. Sample size calculation was performed using the G*Power 3.1 software (Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany), and the sample size was calculated as 11 per group with an alpha-type error of 0.05, a power (1- beta) of 0.95, and an effect size of 0.66 (large effect size) obtained from a previous similar study.¹⁹ 

A total of 176 disc-shaped specimens were prepared from four different resin composites (n=44). After inserting the unpolymerized composite material into a polytetrafluoroethylene mold (eight mm in diameter and two mm in thickness),³¹  a Mylar strip (Hawe Transparent Strips, KerrHawe, Bioggio, Switzerland) was pressed onto the mold surface with a thin microscope glass slide to obtain a flat surface without porosity. Each specimen was then photoactivated using an LED light curing unit (Bluephase PowerCure, Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) with a mean output of 1200 mW/cm² according to the manufacturer's instructions; the power of the curing unit was monitored before the beginning of each polymerization using an integrated radiometer.³²  To ensure surface standardization, the Enhance/PoGo polishing system (Enhance&PoGo, Dentsply, Konstanz, Germany) was implemented as specified: the specimens were first wet-polished for 20 seconds with Enhance at a low speed (10,000 rpm), then thoroughly rinsed with water for 10 seconds to eliminate debris, and air-dried for five seconds. The specimens then underwent wet-polishing with PoGo at 10,000 rpm for 40 seconds, followed by a 10-second rinsing and a five-second air-drying period. A new tip was used for every five specimens. Afterward, the specimens were stored in an incubator (EN055, Nüve, Ankara, Turkey) at 37°C for 24 hours to ensure complete polymerization before measuring color and surface roughness.

Commercially available fresh detox juices (Juice Planet, İzmir, Turkey) were utilized as colorants in this research. Each type of resin composite was randomly allocated into four subgroups (n=11) according to the beverage in which they were immersed:

1. Red detox juice: Beetroot, red apple, pineapple, red cabbage (pH 3.51)

2. Green detox juice: Green apple, pear, avocado, spinach, hazelnut, mint, black cumin (pH 3.59)

3. Yellow detox juice: Orange, pineapple, lemon, ginger (pH 2.97)

4. Control: Distilled water (pH 5.5).

The specimens in each beverage were numbered from 1 to 11 for ensuing measurements. All specimens, except those in the control group, were immersed in the assigned detox juice for 10 minutes twice a day, as applied in previous studies,^18,33  and were stored in distilled water at all other times. Since the detox juices are freshly prepared and contain no preservatives to keep them from spoiling, it was assumed that this period is sufficient to show the possible effects and represent the realistic results of drinking detox juices. All solutions were renewed daily throughout the experiment to maintain the pH of the solutions and avoid bacteria or yeast contamination. Color and surface roughness measurements were performed at the following periods: baseline (T₀), and the 15th (T₁) and 30th (T₂) days of immersion in the solutions. Before all these procedures, ultrasonic cleaning was performed to remove precipitated residues.

Before the discoloration procedure, the baseline color values were measured by a dental spectrophotometer (VITA Easyshade V, Vita Zahnfabrik, Bad Säckingen, Germany) over a neutral grey background (Munsell N7; L* = 71.6, a* = - 0.04, and b* = 0.05) under D65 standard illuminant using the Commission International de l'Eclairage (CIE) (L* a* b*) color system. Before each measurement session, the instrument was calibrated against the provided white calibration standard as per the manufacturer's instructions. A custom-made holder was fabricated to standardize the positioning of specimens against the spectrophotometer tip, with the probe placed perpendicularly on the central region of the specimen surface. The L* (light-dark), a* (red-green), and b* (blue-yellow) measurements for each specimen were repeated three times, and the arithmetic means of the readings were recorded as a single data point. For the calculation of CIEDE2000 color difference (ΔE₀₀) on the 15th (T₁) and 30th days (T₂) of the immersion procedure, the measurements were repeated as stated above. The following equation was applied by setting the parametric factors K_L, K_C, and K_H to 2:1:1, as recommended in dental research and instrumental color analysis:³⁴ 

where ΔL′, ΔC′, and ΔH′ represent the differences in lightness, chroma and hue for a pair of samples in the CIEDE2000 color difference formula. S_L, S_C, and S_H are the weighting functions that adjust the color differences based on the varying positions of the L*, a*, and b* coordinates. The rotation function accounts for the interaction between chroma and hue differences in the blue region. All values of the color difference were clinically interpreted by comparison with their respective 50:50% visual thresholds for perceptibility (PT₀₀) and acceptability (AT₀₀), as determined in the literature^35,36  and recommended by the Technical Report ISO/TR 28642:2016:³⁷  PT₀₀ = 0.8 and AT₀₀ = 1.8 ΔE₀₀ units.

The surface roughness of the specimens was determined using a two-dimensional profilometer (Perthometer M2, Mahr GmbH, Göttingen, Germany) with a tracing length of 1.75 mm and a cutoff length of 0.25 mm. Profilometric measurements were obtained from three different points near the center of the specimens. The average roughness value of each specimen was then calculated by taking the arithmetic mean of these measurements and recorded as Ra in micrometers (μm). The calibration of the profilometer was checked with the help of a reference block with an Ra value of 3.22 μm before measurements of each specimen.

One specimen from each subgroup was randomly chosen and prepared for scanning electron microscopy (SEM; JEOL JSM-7100F, Tokyo, Japan) analysis. The specimens were sputter-coated with a layer of gold-palladium in a vacuum evaporator to ensure electron conductivity and improve the quality of the micrographs without the existence of artifacts. Photomicrographs of representative areas were acquired at 10.0 kV with magnifications of 2,500× and 20,000×.

Data were analyzed using the SPSS (23.0) statistical software program (IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, IBM Corp, Armonk, NY, USA). The Shapiro-Wilk test was employed to assess the normality of data. The generalized linear model (GLM) method was used to investigate the color change (ΔE₀₀) and surface roughness (Ra) values of the RBCs under different immersion media, evaluation periods, and their interactions. Bonferroni correction was applied for multiple comparisons. The relationship between ΔE₀₀ and Ra values on the 30th day was assessed using Spearman rank correlation. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

The results of GLM analyses for the color change (ΔE₀₀) and surface roughness (Ra) values are presented in Table 2. The main factors of composite and immersion media (p<0.001), as well as the interaction between composite and immersion media (p<0.001), and the interaction between immersion media and evaluation period (p=0.008), revealed statistically significant influences on ΔE₀₀. For Ra, the main factors of composite, immersion media, evaluation period, and the interactions between composite and immersion media and between composite and evaluation period were statistically significant (p<0.001 for all).

The mean (and standard deviation) ΔE₀₀ values of the resin composite groups at the T₁ and T₂ evaluation periods are described in Table 3. Only the OM and GI groups in the red beverage media displayed ΔE₀₀ values exceeding the acceptability threshold. In contrast, ΔE₀₀ values below the perceptibility threshold were obtained in all NS subgroups and the GI-distilled water subgroup. In the intra-group evaluation of each resin composite, the red beverage media resulted in the highest color change values (p<0.05) with no statistical difference between red and green in OM and NS, regardless of the evaluation period. This was followed by the values of the subgroups immersed in the green beverage medium, and no statistical difference was found between the yellow beverage medium and distilled water, except for the GI group. Moreover, the highest color change in green beverage medium and distilled water was detected in the OM group, and for red and yellow beverage media in the GI group. The green beverage media caused a significant increase in color change at T₂ (30th day) compared to T₁ (15th day) for all four resin composites (p=0.006). No statistically significant differences were found in the other immersion media.

The changes in CIE Lab parameters of the RBCs in different immersion media are graphically illustrated in Figures 1–3. Changes in hue along the red-green axis (Δa) (Figure 1) showed a narrow range of variation from -0.22 to 0.80. Immersion in the red beverage resulted in a more reddish color in all RBC groups, especially in GI, compared to other media. A shift toward green (-a movement) was detected in the yellow beverage medium (except for the GI RBC group). Changes in hue along the yellow-blue axis (Δb) (Figure 2) showed that all media, most notably the red beverage, led to a movement toward blue (-b). Likewise, a decrease in lightness values (negative ΔL) was observed for all RBCs, indicating that the materials became darker in all immersion media.

The mean surface roughness values of the resin composite groups at the T0, T1, and T2 evaluation periods are displayed in Table 4. Among the composite groups, CO exhibited the highest total roughness, followed by NS (p=0.001). No significant difference was observed between OM and GI. Comparing the immersion media, both yellow and green beverages resulted in significantly higher roughness values than the red beverage and distilled water, with the red beverage showing higher roughness (p<0.001). Subgroup comparisons revealed that CO immersed in yellow beverage had the highest roughness, while OM immersed in distilled water had the lowest. Additionally, a time-dependent increase in roughness was detected between T0 and T1 in both the CO and NS groups (p<0.001, p=0.001, respectively), regardless of the immersion media. Moreover, a significant difference was observed between T1 and T2 for the NS group (p=0.006).

The Spearman rank correlation test showed a significant positive relation between ΔE₀₀ and Ra in GI-distilled water (r=0.652, p=0.041), OM- and NS-red beverage media subgroups (r=0.721, p=0.019; r=0.709, p=0.022, respectively) at the T₂ evaluation period (Figure 4). In accordance with the classification provided by Chan and others,³⁸  correlations with r values between 0.6 and 0.8 are generally interpreted as moderate. Based on this classification, the Spearman correlation coefficients of 0.652, 0.721, and 0.709 in our study represent moderate correlations.

SEM photomicrographs showed the rather heterogeneous filler structures of nanohybrid composites compared to nanofilled composites. In particular, the nano-spherical fillers and nanoclusters that constitute the inorganic structure of Omnichroma, which offers superior smoothness, were clearly visible (Figure 5). On the other hand, the increase in rough areas over time was remarkable in Figure 6, which shows NS and CO after immersion in distilled water for one day (T₀) and yellow beverage (CO) or green beverage (NS) for 30 days (T₂).

Dental practitioners must simultaneously consider many factors such as the composition and microstructure, optical behavior, and surface texture of restorative materials to obtain successful restorations with a final appearance that is indiscernible from natural teeth.¹¹  This study focused on in vitro testing successful, compared to multi-shade resin composites, of contemporary universal RBCs' color stability and in the assessed parameters. The outcomes of surface roughness properties to acquire data that this research also help to partially mitigate the could constitute the basis for insight into their clinical paucity of data concerning the use of these novel success of restorations. Moreover, answers were sought materials, especially in patients consuming “healthy” as to whether single- and group-shade RBCs could be detox juices.

The color change was measured after immersion in the tested beverages for 15 and 30 days using the CIEDE2000 color difference (ΔE₀₀). According to CIEDE2000, the perceptibility threshold is 0.8, which corresponds to the extent of the color difference that can be detected visually. The threshold value for acceptability was 1.8, ie, the size of the color difference that represents an unacceptable esthetic limit.³⁵  Regarding the selection of dental materials and assessment of their clinical performance, as well as the analysis of research outcomes and standardization in dentistry, perceptibility (PT) and acceptability (AT) thresholds are of great importance as a quality assurance tool and guide.³⁶  Based on our data, it has been inferred that the detox juices induce an acceptable ΔE₀₀ change for the tested RBCs except for some of the subgroups (GI and OM immersed in red beverage). Additionally, almost all group-shade composite (NS) subgroups exhibited the fewest color changes that were below the perceptibility threshold. Among the detox juices, the high color change potential, especially of the red beverage compared to the others, was observed most clearly in the GI group, followed by the green detox juice, which caused the highest color change in the OM. The yellow detox juice and distilled water media, which are similar in terms of coloring potential, yielded the highest values in GI and OM, respectively. NS consistently demonstrated higher color stability across all media. Therefore, based on the above findings, the first null hypothesis, which stated that the tested RBCs would not exhibit significant differences in color stability when exposed to different beverages, was rejected.

There was a decrease in lightness values (negative ΔL) for all composites, indicating that materials became darker in all immersion environments. When the changes in hue along the red-green axis (Δa) and yellow-blue axis (Δb) were examined, it could be mentioned that red detox juice caused higher reddish/bluish discoloration than the other media in all RBC groups, especially GI. This can be attributed to the high pigment content in red detox juice, as discussed earlier.^22,23  Earlier studies have consistently shown that RBCs exhibit the greatest color change in red wine, which is rich in anthocyanins that dissociate into red, purple, and blue colors when dissolved in water, similar to the red detox juice employed in this study.^14,17  Unlike the present study, Yikilgan and others¹⁹  reported that different detox juice mixtures had similar impacts on the color changes of tested RBCs, but RBCs containing TEGDMA showed greater color change than those without TEGDMA. This inconsistency between the findings of the studies may have resulted from the different compositions of the detox juices tested. Similarly, Ersöz and others¹⁷  reported the higher color change potential of single-shade composites containing TEGDMA, including OM. In the current study, the higher color change of TEGDMA-containing OM and GI, in which it is probable to contain diluent monomers to obtain low viscosity as well as high filler load, may be due to their higher water uptake.³⁹  Conversely, the superior color stability of NS, a nanoceramic resin composite containing an organically modified ceramic matrix, can be attributed to its highly condensed hydrophobic polysiloxane backbone, as suggested in a previous study.¹⁶  Another interesting finding in this study was the increase in discoloration values observed on the 30th day compared to the 15th day, specifically evident only in the green detox juice. This phenomenon could be caused by calcium oxalate crystals, which are insoluble and adhere to the surface of the materials (a chalky structure confirmed by researchers' observations), formed by the combination of the calcium in the detox juice and the oxalic acid in the spinach.⁴⁰ 

Another crucial parameter for resin-based materials is their surface roughness, which can be defined as the absolute arithmetic mean (Ra) of the profile fluctuations given by the movement of the profilometer over a pre-determined surface area.^41,42  It is important to mention that lower surface roughness of the restoration is closely related to the resistance against coloring and abrasion, as well as enhanced cosmetic appearance and maintenance of periodontal health.⁴¹  In the literature, there is a consensus regarding a threshold for biofilm retention on the composite surface, typically around 0.2 μm for the Ra value.⁴³  Moreover, it has also been stated that restorations seem optically smooth when the surface roughness value is lower than 1 μm.⁴⁴  In this context, the RBCs tested in this study exhibited acceptable Ra values from the clinical point of view.

In terms of surface roughness, a key question is whether chemical/mechanical degradation generates a rough surface for RBCs comprised of various filler fractions (type, size, shape, distribution, quality of silanization, etc.).⁴²  In general, fillers with smaller particle sizes cause diminished interparticle spacing and matrix, resulting in a more stable and durable structure.²⁸  Additionally, it has been suggested that nanofillers tend to aggregate firmly, creating clusters, but have a propensity to break apart; thus, only nanosized particles, rather than entire particle clusters, are dislodged from the organic matrix, leaving the surfaces with smaller defects.⁴⁵  Among the RBCs in this study, OM and GI (nanofilled composites) exhibited lower Ra values, which can be attributed to the aforementioned statements. This finding coincides with those of Senawongse and Pongprueksa,⁴⁶  who did not observe dislodgment of nanoclusters from the nanofilled composites. Furthermore, the lower roughness values of the GI group may be related to its efficient filler silanization, which is emphasized by the manufacturer. Consistent with the findings of Vulović and others,⁹  the higher roughness values of CO and NS (nanohybrid composites) in this study could be attributed to the fact that their inorganic fillers contain many components and thus have heterogeneous surface texture from the baseline. On the other hand, the increase in Ra values of the NS group over time may be explained by the susceptibility of nanohybrid composites, including pre-polymerized fillers, to deterioration of the filler-matrix interface due to the loss of these fillers, as noted by Senawongse and Pongprueksa.⁴⁶ 

When the surface roughness data were considered in terms of detox juices, it was clear that the tested beverages had a low pH, ranging between 2.97 and 3.59, and therefore exhibited a high potential to impact the superficial integrity of resin composites. Beverages with low pH values can stimulate the deterioration of the resin matrix and the subsequent detachment of filler particles from RBC surfaces, increasing surface roughness.⁴⁷  The higher Ra values obtained in the yellow beverage, particularly in comparison to the red beverage and distilled water, may be explained by its slightly higher acidity and concentration of citric acid-containing fruits. Conversely, red media typically feature low-acid fruits, primarily containing malic and ascorbic acid, with only a minor contribution of citric acid (except for pineapple). As indicated by the findings above, the second null hypothesis, suggesting no significant differences in surface roughness values when the RBCs were exposed to different beverages, was rejected. Additionally, the third null hypothesis was rejected because of the positive correlation coefficients of 0.652, 0.721, and 0.709 observed, respectively, in the GI-distilled water, OM-red and NS-red beverage subgroups. This indicated moderate correlations between surface roughness and color change for these subgroups.³⁷  A possible explanation for this observation is that surface roughness changes could not be exclusively associated with pH; the composition of restorative materials may also influence the final texture of the materials.

Surface roughness results can be complemented with qualitative data by electron microscopy, as profilometer devices capable of quantitative measurements do not effectively reflect the micromorphological and microtopographic properties of dental materials.^9,48  SEM photomicrographs from this study also revealed that the filler structure of Omnichroma, characterized by nano-spherical fillers and nanoclusters, was more homogeneous, which is associated with its superior smoothness. Conversely, the SEM images showed a notable increase in surface roughness for Neo Spectra ST after 30 days of exposure to green detox juice and Charisma Topaz One after 30 days of exposure to yellow detox juice compared to their initial states after being immersed in distilled water for 1 day (T₀).

According to the data from this study, the universal chromatic RBCs tested, which have either pigment- or structurally induced coloring, were generally within clinically acceptable ranges for the parameters measured. While achieving an imperceptible match is considered costly, time-consuming, and frequently not essential, a restoration that meets the acceptability threshold can ensure product acceptance by fulfilling its function and meeting the patient's esthetic expectations.³⁶  This has also been demonstrated in previous studies by the observation that patients are less discriminating than dentists and dental auxiliaries.⁴⁹  On the other hand, it should be noted that beverages with high pigment content, such as red detox juice, may lead to greater color changes in some RBCs, while RBCs exhibiting a more hydrophobic composition, such as NS, demonstrate greater resistance to discoloration. Additionally, nanofilled RBCs demonstrate stronger resistance to surface property alterations in all beverages. However, the results should be interpreted cautiously due to the inability to completely imitate the complex oral environment, including factors such as saliva, microorganisms, enzymes, temperature alterations, dietary habits, and daily oral hygiene actions like rinsing and toothbrushing.

One of the justifications behind the arduous interpretation of the existing results is the lack of data provided by the manufacturers about the exact ingredients of foodstuffs and the ratio of organic matrix to inorganic fillers, as is the case with all studies on commercial dental materials whose compositions are proprietary. Finally, profilometric analysis using a contact stylus profilometer provides data from a small area of the specimen and does not encompass the entirety of the surface; this can be regarded as a limitation. In addition, since the RBC specimens were not subjected to aging, long-term results should be observed in this context. Ultimately, it will be advantageous to research more physical, mechanical, and optical parameters of restorative materials (eg, gloss, degree of conversion, surface hardness, water sorption, and solubility), while considering all aspects of the characteristics of tested immersion media. Further in vitro studies focusing on these parameters should be carried out.

Within the limitations of this study, the following was concluded:

• The immersion of RBCs in detox juices with different pH levels and colorants induced acceptable color alterations, except for the one-shade nanofilled composite OM and the multi-shade nanofilled composite GI immersed in the red beverage.

• All RBCs exhibited clinically acceptable surface roughness after being subjected to different detox juices, with the highest Ra values observed in the nanohybrid RBC subgroups NS, a group-shade composite, and CO, a one-shade composite.

• Color change and surface roughness were moderately correlated for three RBC/beverage subgroups: GI-distilled water, OM-red beverage, and NS-red beverage.