Athermal Alterations in the Structure of the Canalicular Membrane and ATPase Activity Induced by Thermal Levels of Microwave Radiation

Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g) were exposed 30 min/day for 4 days to thermogenic levels (rectal temperature increase of 2.2°C) of microwave radiation [2.45 GHz, <tex-math>$80\ {\rm mW}/{\rm cm}^{2}$</tex-math>, continuous-wave mode (CW)] or to a radiant heat source resulting in an equivalent increase in body temperature of 2.2°C. On the fifth day after the 4 days of exposure to microwave radiation, the animals were sacrificed and their livers removed. The canalicular membranes were isolated and evaluated for adenosinetriphosphatase (ATPase) activity, total fatty acid composition and membrane fluidity characteristics. Mg⁺⁺- ATPase activity (V _max) decreased by 48.5% in the group exposed to microwave radiation, with no significant change in the group exposed to radiant heat. The decrease in Mg⁺⁺- ATPase was partially compensated by a concomitant increase in Na⁺/ K⁺- ATPase activity (170% increase in V _max over control) in animals exposed to microwave radiation, while no change occurred in the group exposed to radiant heat. This alteration in ATPase activity in the group exposed to microwave radiation is associated with a large decrease in the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. Conversely, the group exposed to radiant heat had an increase in the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids. The most dramatic changes were found in the levels of arachidonic acid. Finally, the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin label technique used to measure the fluidity of the canalicular membranes of the animals in the three groups (sham, microwave radiation and radiant heat) indicated that the results were different in the three groups, reflecting the changes found in their fatty acid composition. The physiological response to "equivalent" thermal loads in rats is expressed differently for different types of energy sources. Possible mechanisms producing these divergent thermogenic responses are discussed.