Tree-nesting by Peregrine Falcons in North America: Historical and Additional Records

Peregrine Falcons (Falco peregrinus) in North America breed primarily on cliffs (White et al. 2002), and less often in other settings, including buildings, bridges, industrial sites, road cuts, rock quarries (White et al. 1988, Cade et al. 1996, Ritchie et al. 1998) and the ground (Pagel et al. 2010). Among the unusual breeding locations for this species are trees, which have been infrequently reported in North America (e.g., Bent 1938, Campbell et al. 1977, Whitman and Caikoski 2008), but more frequently in parts of Australia (Pruett-Jones et al. 1981, Hurley 2009) and in central and eastern Europe, where use of tree nests was formerly quite common (Kleinstäuber et al. 2009, Mizera and Sielicki 2009, Sielicki and Sielicki 2009). Campbell et al. (1977) and Whitman and Caikoski (2008) documented the most...