Chimango Caracaras (Milvago chimango) Nesting on Natural and Human-made Substrates in Urban Centers in Argentina

Urban areas provide some birds with varied resources such as food and nest sites that they can exploit to fulfill their ecological requirements (Solaro 2018, Leveau et al. 2022). However, living in urban environments involves a tradeoff between benefits and any associated costs that may affect their survival, such as exposure to pollution and risk of collision with buildings and vehicles (Hager 2009, Dwyer et al. 2018, Solaro 2018). The use of urban resources by raptors has been increasing in recent decades, and this topic has received a growing scientific interest (Donázar et al. 2016, Boal and Dykstra 2018). Blair (1996) proposed a classification for avian species according to how they respond to urbanization: “avoiders,” “adapters,” or “exploiters.” Among raptors, examples of urban avoiders are some large hawks such as the Ferruginous Hawk (Buteo regalis), and falcons with...