Human infrastructure, including buildings, communication towers, power lines, roads, stock tanks, and wind turbines are anthropogenic elements that may affect the survival of birds (e.g., Buchan et al. 2022). For raptors, drowning in stock tanks and electrocution on power lines have been described as agents of mortality as early as 1976 for stock tanks (Craig and Powers 1976) and 1922 for power lines (Hallinan 1922).

Although raptors are supposed to get most of their water needs from their diet, they frequently use free water sources such as stock tanks for livestock for drinking and bathing (Boal et al. 2023). Drowning in stock tanks usually occurs when the tanks have vertical walls and the water does not reach the top of the tank. In those cases, if birds fall into the water, their feathers can become soaked, rendering them unable to fly out or...

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