Book Chapter
Why the integration of demographic and site-based studies of disturbance is essential for the conservation of jarrah forest fauna
By
Grant Wardell-Johnson
;
Grant Wardell-Johnson
Natural and Rural Systems Management, University Of Queensland, Gatton, 4343
Search for other works by this author on:
Michael Calver
;
Michael Calver
Biological Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150
Search for other works by this author on:
Denis Saunders
;
Denis Saunders
3C/- CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, GPO Box 284, Canberra ACT 2601
Search for other works by this author on:
Simon Conroy
;
Simon Conroy
Department of Zoology, The University of Western Australia, WA 6907, Nedlands, Australia
Search for other works by this author on:
Barbara Jones
Barbara Jones
Biological Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150
Search for other works by this author on:
-
Published:2004
Citation
Grant Wardell-Johnson, Michael Calver, Denis Saunders, Simon Conroy, Barbara Jones, 2004. "Why the integration of demographic and site-based studies of disturbance is essential for the conservation of jarrah forest fauna", Conservation of Australia's Forest Fauna, Daniel Lunney
Download citation file:
We review recent studies of the impacts of disturbance on the fauna of the jarrah forest, south-western Australia. In particular, we examine five case studies that provide alternative approaches to researching disturbance impacts. Assessing site-based studies of patterns of fire regimes lead us to argue that point measures of frequency are inadequate to understand scale and pattern across landscapes. Rather, extrapolating from site-based data to draw conclusions on landscape-scale changes may obscure fine-scale heterogeneity in disturbance, which is critical to the conservation of biodiversity. We review species-based studies and conclude that assessments of demographic trends are more effective than surveys in determining impacts, and providing early warning of declines because they highlight threatening processes. Furthermore, risk analysis, when critical aspects of the biology of participating species are weakly known, may lead to misclassification of species and poor decisions on conservation priorities. The review of recent impact studies of logging on jarrah forest fauna demonstrates that logging interacts with predation by foxes to threaten arboreal mammals. Hence, measures to protect threatened vertebrates benefit many species. However, while concentrating on proximate causes of fauna decline produces immediate conservation gains, long-term conservation requires an understanding of both proximate and ultimate causes and their interaction. We urge the acquisition of reliable, site-based demographic data that allows predictive modelling for species, and hence testing of alternative hypotheses regarding impact, distribution and decline. We also seek the integration of data and approaches to enable landscape-scale patterns to be discerned and interpreted for effective conservation planning.
Anonymous, 1970. Controlled burning for forest conservation. Forest Focus 3: 3-8.
Abbott, I., 1998. Conservation of the forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo, a hollow-dependent species, in the eucalypt forests of Western Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 109: 175-185.
Abbott, I., 2001. The Bilby Macrostis lagotis (Marupialia: Peramelidae) in south-western Australia: original range limits, subsequent decline, and presumed regional extinction. Records of the Western Australian Museum 20: 271-305.
Abbott, I., 2003. Aboriginal fire regimes in south-west Western Australia: evidence from historical documents. Pp 119-146 in Fire in ecosystems of south-west Western Australia: impacts and management, edited by I. Abbott and N. Burrows, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Abbott, I. and Burrows, N., 1999. Biodiversity conservation in the forests and associated vegetation types of southwest Australia. Australian Forestry 62: 27-32.
Abbott, I., Burbidge, T., Strehlow, K., Mellican, A. and Wills, A., 2002. Logging and burning impacts on cockroaches, crickets and grasshoppers, and spiders in jarrah forest, Western Australia. Forest Ecology and Management. 174: 383-399.
Abbott, I. and Christensen, P., 1994. Application of ecological and evolutionary principles to forest management in Western Australia. Australian Forestry 57: 109-122.
Abbott, I. and Christensen, P., 1996. Objective knowledge, ideology and the forests of Western Australia. Australian Forestry 59: 206-212.
Abbott, I. and Loneragan, O., 1986 Ecology of Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) in the northern Jarrah forest of Western Australia. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, Western Australia.
Abbott, I. and Whitford, K. R., 2002. Conservation of vertebrate fauna using hollows in forests of south-west Western Australia: strategic risk assessment in relation to ecology, policy, planning, and operations management. Pacific Conservation Biology 7: 240-255.
Akcakaya, H.R., McCarthy M.A., and Pearce J.L., 1995. Linking landscape data with population viability analysis - management options for the helmeted honeyeater Lichenostomus melanops cassidix. Biological Conservation 73:169-176.
Armstrong, J. A. and Abbott, I., 1995. Sustainable conservation - a practical approach to conserving biodiversity in Western Australia. Pp. 21-28 in Conservation through sustainable use of wildlife, edited by G. C. Grigg, P. T. Hale and D. Lunney, Centre for Conservation Biology, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland.
Bond, W. J. and van Wilgen, B.W., 1996 Fire and Plants. Chapman & Hall, London. United Kingdom.
Brooker, L. C., Brooker, M. G., 1994. A model for the effects of fire and fragmentation on the viability of the Splendid Fairy-wren. Pacific Conservation Biology 1: 344-358.
Buchanan, A.P. and Wardell-Johnson, G., 1994. Managing animal habitat using remote sensing and geographic information systems. Pp 1022-1031 in Proceedings of the Fifth Australasian remote sensing conference, Perth, Western Australia.
Burbidge, A. A., and McKenzie, N. L. 1989. Patterns in the modern decline of Western Australia's vertebrate fauna: causes and conservation implications Biological Conservation 50: 143-198.
Burgmann, M., 2000. Population viability analysis for bird conservation: prediction, heuristics, monitoring and psychology. Emu 100: 347-353.
Burrows, N. and Wardell-Johnson, G. W., 2003. Fire and plant interactions in forested ecosystems of south-west Australia: a review Pp. 225-268 in Fire in ecosystems of south-west Western Australia: impacts and management, edited by I. Abbott and N. Burrows, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Burrows, N. D., Ward, B. and Cranfield, R., 2002. Short-term impacts of logging on understorey vegetation in a Jarrah forest. Australian Forestry 65: 47-58.
Burrows, N., Friend, G., Morris, K., Stoneman, G., Wardell-Johnson, G. and Williams, M., 1993. A proposed integrated study of the effects of timber harvesting on the Jarrah forest ecosystem, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, Western Australia.
Burrows, N.D., Ward, B. and Robinson, A. D., 1995. Jarrah forest fire history from stem analysis and anthropological evidence. Australian Forestry 58: 7-16.
Busby, J. R., Davies, S. J. J. F., 1977. Distribution of Birds on the Australian Mainland: Dr D.L. Serventy's Maps. CSIRO Publications, Australia.
Calver, M. C. and Wardell-Johnson, G., 2004. Sustained unsustainability? An evaluation of the history of logging in the jarrah forests of Western Australia and its consequences for fauna conservation. Pp. 94-114 in Conserving Australia's forest fauna, (2nd edition), Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW
Calver, M. C. and Dell, J., 1998. Conservation status of mammals and birds in south-western Australian forests. I. Is there evidence of direct links between forestry practices and species decline and extinction? Pacific Conservation Biology 4: 296-314.
Calver, M. C., Dickman, C. R., Feller, M. C., Hobbs, R. J., Horwitz, P., Recher, H. F. and Wardell-Johnson, G., 1998. Towards resolving conflict between forestry and conservation in Western Australia. Australian Forestry 61: 258-266.
Calver, M. C., Hobbs, R. J., Horwitz, P. and Main, A. R., 1996. Science, principles and forest management: a response to Abbott and Christensen. Australian Forestry 59: 1-6.
Carron, L. T., 1985 A history of forestry in Australia. Australian National University Press, Canberra, Australia.
Chase, A. and Sutton, P., 1981. Hunter-gatherers in a rich environment: aboriginal coastal exploitation in Cape York Peninsula. Pp 1819-1852 in Ecological Biogeography of Australia, edited by A. Keast, Dr W. Junk, The Hague.
Christensen, P. E. S., 1980. The biology of Bettongia penicillata (Gray, 1937), and Macropus eugenii (Desmarest, 1817) in relation to fire. Bulletin 91, Forests Department of Western Australia, Perth.
Christensen, P. 1997a. A review of the knowledge of the effects of key disturbances on fauna in the south-west forest region, Unpublished report to the Commonwealth and Western Australian Governments for the Western Australian Regional Forest Agreement.
Christensen, P. 1997b. Fauna conservation in production forests in Western Australia. Pp. 466-470 in Conservation outside nature reserves, edited by P. Hale and D. Lamb, Centre for Conservation Biology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
Christensen, P. and Abbott, I., 1989. Impact of fire in the eucalypt forest ecosystem of southern Western Australia: a critical review. Australian Forestry 52: 103-121.
Christensen, P. E. S., 1992 The Karri forest. Department of Conservation and Land Managment, Perth, Western Australia.
Christensen, P. and Annells, A., 1985. Fire in southern tall forests. Pp. 67-82 in Fire Ecology and Management in Western Australian Ecosystems, edited by J. Ford, WAIT Environmental Studies Group Report No. 14.
Christensen, P. E. S., Liddelow, G. and Hearn, R., 2001. Fauna assessment in timber harvesting coupes in western Australia. Unpublished report. Department of Conservation and Land Management, WA.
Christensen, P. E. S., Maisey, K. and Perry, D. H., 1984. Radio-tracking the Numbat, Myrmecobius fasciatus, in the Perup forest of Western Australia. Australian Wildlife Research 11: 275-288.
Churchward, H. M., MacArthur, W. M., Sewell, P. L. and Bartle, G. A., 1988. Landforms and soils of the south coast and hinterland, W.A., Northcliffe to Manypeaks. CSIRO Division of Water Resources Div. Rep. 88/1, Canberra, 153 pp.
Conacher, A., 1983. Environmental management implications of intensive forestry practices in an indigenous forest ecosystem: a case study from south-western Australia. Pp. 117-151 in Progress in resource management and environmental planning, edited by T. O'Riordan and K. V. Turner, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Conroy, S. D. S., 2001. Population biology and reproductive ecology of Geocrinia alba and G. vitellina, two threatened frogs from south-western Australia. PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia.
Craig, M. D. 1999. The short-tem impacts of timber harvesting on the Jarrah forest avifauna. Perth, Western Australia, PhD Thesis, University of Western Australia.
Dargavel, J. 1995 Fashioning Australia's Forests. Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Davey, S. M., Norton, T. W., 1990. State forests in Australia and their role in wildlife conservation. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia 16: 323-345.
Dell, B., Havel, J. J. and Malajczuk, N., Eds. 1989 The jarrah forest: a complex mediterranean ecosystem. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Driscoll, D. A. 1998. Genetic structure, metapopulation processes and evolution influence the conservation strategies for two endangered frog species. Biological Conservation 83: 43-54.
Driscoll, D. A. and Roberts, J. D., 1997. Impact of fuel-reduction burning on the frog Geocrinia lutea in southwest Western Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 22: 334-339.
Driscoll, D. A. and Roberts, J. D., 1998. Corrigenda. Australian Journal of Ecology 23: 598.
Ellis, M. and Jones, B., 1992. Observations of captive and wild Western Ringtail Possums Pseudocheirus occidentalis. The Western Australian Naturalist 19: 1-10.
Faunt, K., 1992. Formation, frequency and longevity of hollows in Jarrah: Interim report, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Western Australia.
Frankham, R., 1996. Relationship of genetic variation to population size in wildlife. Conservation Biology 10:1500-1508
Frank, R and Dietz, M., 1999. Fledermäuse im Lebensraum Wald. Merkblatt 37, Hessisches Ministerium für Umwelt, Landwirtschaft und Forsten, Germany, pp 53-98(Bats in the forest habitat, report series 37, Department of Environment, Agriculture and Forestry, Hessen, Germany.)
Gardner, R. H., Hargrove, W.W. Turner, M.G. and Romme, W.H., 1996. Climate change, disturbances and landscape dynamics. Pp 149-172 in Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems, edited by B. H. Walker and W. L. Steffan, IGBP Book Series No 2, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
Garkakalis, M.J., Calver, M.C., Wilson, B.A. and Hardy, G. E. St. J. 2004 Habitat alteration caused by introduced plant disease: a significant threat to the conservation of Australian forest fauna. Pp. 899-913 in Conservation of Australia's forest fauna 2nd edition, edited by D. Lunney, Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW, Australia.
Gibbons, P. G. and Lindenmayer, D. B., 2002 Hollows and wildlife conservation in Australia. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, Australia.
Gibson, N., Keighery, B. J. Keighery, G. J., Burbidge, A. H. and Lyons, M. N., 1994 A floristic survey of the southern Swan Coastal Plain. Unpublished report for the Australian Heritage Commission prepared by the Department of Conservation and Land Management and the Conservation Council of Western Australia (Inc.).
Gill, A. M., 1981. Adaptive responses of Australian vascular plant species to fire. Pp 243-272 in Fire and the Australian Biota, edited by A. M. Gill, R.H. Groves and I. Noble. Australian Academy of Science, Canberra.
Gioia, P. and Pigott, J. P., 2000. Biodiversity assessment: a case study in predicting richness from the potential distributions of plant species in the forests of south-western Australia. Journal of Biogeography 27: 1065-1078.
Hallam, S. J., 1975 Fire and hearth: a study of Aboriginal usage and European usurpation in south-western Australia. Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra.
Harris, A. C. and Wallace, W. R., 1959 Controlled burning in Western Australian forest practice. Forests Department of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
Havel, J. J., 1989. Land use conflicts and the emergence of multiple land use. Pp. 281-314 in The Jarrah Forest edited by B. Dell, J. J. Havel and N. Malajczuk, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Havel, J. J., 2000 Ecology of the forests of south-western Australia in relation to climate and landforms. PhD. Thesis, Murdoch University, Western Australia.
Havel, J. J. and Mattiske, E. M., 2000. Vegetation mapping of south-west forest regions of Western Australia (6 maps). Reprint to CALMScience for the Regional Forest Agreement. Perth, Western Australia, Department of Conservation and Land Management.
Heberle, G., 1997. Timber harvesting of Crown land in the south-west of Western Australia: an historical review with maps. CALM Science 2: 203-224.
Hershey, K. T., Meslow, E. W., Ramsey, F. L., 1998. Characteristics of forests at spotted owl nest sites in the Pacific northwest. Journal of Wildlife Management 62: 1398-1410.
Hopper, S. D. and Wardell-Johnson, G., in press Eucalyptus virginea and E. relictua (Myrtaceae), two new rare forest trees from south-western Australia allied to E. lanepoolei, and a new phantom hybrid. Nuytsia
Hopper, S. D., Keighery, G. J and Wardell-Johnson, G., 1992. Flora of the karri forest and other communities in the Warren Subdistrict of Western Australia. In: Research on the Impact of Forest Management in South-west Western Australia, Occasional Paper 2/92. Department of Conservation and Land Management, pp 1-32.
Horwitz, P., Pemberton, M. and Ryder, D., 1999. Catastrophic loss of organic carbon from a management fire in a peatland in south-western Australia. Pp. 487-501In: Wetlands for the Future, edited by A. J. McComb and J. A., Gleneagles Press, Adelaide.
Horwitz, P., Judd, S. and Sommer, B., 2003. Fire and organic substrates: soil structure, water quality and biodiversity in far south-west Western Australia. Pp. 225-268 in Fire in ecosystems of south-west Western Australia: impacts and management, edited by I. Abbott and N. Burrows, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.
How, R. A. and Hillcox, S. J., 2000. Brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula, populations in south-western Australia: demography, diet and conservation status. Wildlife Research 27: 81-89.
Hughes, L. 2003. Climate change and Australia: trends, projections and impacts. Austral Ecology 28: 423-443.
Hynes, R. A. and Chase, A. K., 1982. Plants, sites and dormiculture: Aboriginal influence upon plant communities in Cape York Peninsula. Archaeology in Oceania 17: 38-50.
Inions, G. B., Tanton, M. T. and Davey, S. M., 1989. Effects of fire on the availability of hollows in trees used by the Common Brushtail Possum, Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr, 1792, and the Ringtail Possum, Pseudocheirus peregrinus Boddaerts, 1785. Australian Wildlife Research 16: 449-458.
Jarvis, N. T., 1981 Western Australia: an atlas of human endeavour, 1829-1979. Education and Lands and Surveys Departments of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
Johnstone, M. H., Lowry, D.C. and Quilty, P. G., 1973. The geology of southwestern Australia- a review. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 56: 5-15.
Johnstone, R. E., Kirkby, T., 1999. Food of the forest red-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorynchus banksii naso in south-west Western Australia. The Western Australian Naturalist 22: 167-178.
Jones, B. A., How, R. A. and Kitchener, D. J., 1994. A field study of Pseudocheirus occidentalis (Marsupialia: Petauridae). I. Distribution and habitat. Wildlife Research 21: 175-187.
Jones, B. A., How, R. A. and Kitchener, D. J., 1994. A field study of Pseudocheirus occidentalis (Marsupialia: Petauridae). II. Population studies. Wildlife Research 21: 189-201.
Jones, B. and Hillcox, S., 1995. A survey of the possums Trichosurus vulpecula and Pseudocheirus occidentalis and their habitats in forest at Ludlow, Western Australia. The West Australian Naturalist 20: 139-150.
Kinnear, J. E., Sumner, N. R. and Onus, M. L., 2002. The red fox in Australia - an exotic predator turned biocontrol agent. Biological Conservation 108: 335-359.
Kinnear, J. E., Onus, M. L. and Sumner, N. R., 1998. Fox control and rock-wallaby population dynamics - II. An update. Wildlife Research 25: 81-88.
Kinnear, J. E., Sumner, N. R. and Onus, M. L., 2002. The red fox in Australia - an exotic predator turned biocontrol agent. Biological Conservation 108: 335-359.
Kleining, G. and Witt, H., 2001. Discovery as Basic Methodology of Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Forum: Qualitative Social Research. Accessed Feb 2001: http://qualitative-research.net/fqs-texte/1-01/1-p1kleiningwitt-e.html.
Lambeck, R. 1997. Focal species: a multi-species umbrella for nature conservation. Conservation Biology 11: 849-856
Lamont, B. B., Ward, D. J., Eldridge, J., Korczynski., Colangelo, W. I., Fordham, C., Clements, E. and Wittkuhn, R., 2003. Believing the Balga; A new method for gauging the fire history of vegetation using grasstrees. Pp 147-170 in Fire in ecosystems of south-west Western Australia: impacts and management, edited by I. Abbott and N. Burrows, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Lindenmayer, D. B. and Franklin, J. F., 2002 Conserving forest biodiversity: a comprehensive multiscaled approach. Island Press, Washington, DC.
Lindenmayer, D. B. and Possingham, H. P., 1995. The conservation of arboreal marsupials in the montane ash forests of the central highlands of Victoria, south-eastern Australia - VII. Modelling the persistence of Leadbeater's Possum in response to modified timber harvesting practices. Biological Conservation 73: 239-257.
Lindenmayer, D. B., Clark, T. W., Lacy, R. C. and Thomas, V. C., 1993. Population viability analysis as a tool in wildlife conservation policy: With reference to Australia. Environmental Management 17: 745-758.
Lindenmayer, D. B., Cunningham, R. B., Nix, H. A., Tanton, M. T., Smith, A. P., 1991. Predicting the abundance of hollow-bearing trees in montane ash forests of south-eastern Australia. Australian Journal of Ecology 16: 91-98.
Lindenmayer, D. B., Margules, C. R. and Botkin, D., 2000. Indicators of forest sustainability biodiversity: the selection of forest indicator species. Conservation Biology 14: 941-950.
Lindenmayer, D. P. and Possingham, H. P., 1994 The risk of extinction: ranking management options for Leadbeater's Possum using population viability analysis. Centre for Resource and Environmental Studies, Australian National University, Canberra.
Lunney, D., Curtin, A. L., Ayers, D., Cogger, H. G., Dickman, C. R., Maitz, W., Law, B. and Fisher, D. 2000. The threatened and non-threatened native vertebrate fauna of New South Wales: status and ecological attributes. Environmental and Heritage Monograph Series No. 4. Pp 1-132. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Hurstville, NSW.
Lunney, D., O'Neill, L., Matthews, A. and Sherwin, W. B. 2002.-Modelling mammalian extinction and forecasting recovery: koalas at Iluka (NSW, Australia). Biological Conservation 106:101-113.
Mattiske, E.M. and Havel, J.J., 1998. Regional Forest Agreement, vegetation complexes - Perth, Pinjarra, Collie, Busselton/Augusta, Pemberton, Mount Barker-Western Australia. 1:250 000 maps. Department of Conservation and Land Management WA, Perth and the Department of Environment and Heritage, Canberra, ACT.
Mawson, P. R. and Long, J. L., 1994. Size and age parameters of nest trees used by four species of parrot and one species of cockatoo in South-west Australia. Emu 94: 149-155.
Mawson, P. R. and Long, J. L., 1997. Size and age of nest trees: A reply to Stoneman, Rayner and Bradshaw (1997). Emu 97: 181-182.
Maxwell, S., Burbidge, A. A. and Morris, K., 1996 The 1996 action plan for Australian marsupials and monotremes. Wildlife Australia, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia.
McCarthy, M. A., Pearce, J. L. and Burgman, M. A., 1994. Use and abuse of wildlife models for determining habitat requirements of forest fauna. Australian Forestry 57: 82-85.
McCaw, W. L. and Burrows, N. D., 1989. Fire management. Pp. 317-334 in The jarrah forest: a complex Mediterranean ecosystem, edited by B. Dell, J. J. Havel and N. Malajczuk, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
McCaw, W. L. and Hanstrum, B., 2003. Fire environment of Mediterranean south-west Western Australia. Pp. 87-106 in Fire in ecosystems of south-west Western Australia: impacts and managment, edited by I. Abbott and N. Burrows, Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.
McComb, W., 1994 Mapping potential habitat for vertebrates in forests of Western Australia. Final report. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, Western Australia.
McKenzie, N. L., Hopper, S. D., Wardell-Johnson, G. and Gibson, N., 1996. Assessing the conservation reserve system in the Jarrah forest region. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 79: 241-248.
Mills, J., 1989. The impact of man on the northern Jarrah forest from settlement in 1829 to the Forests Act 1918. Pp. 229-279 in The Jarrah forest: a complex Mediterranean ecosystem, edited by B. Dell, J. J. Havel and N. Malajczuk, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Morris, K., Johnson, B., Rooney, J. and Ward, C., 2000. The short-term impacts of timber harvesting and associated activities on the abundance of medium-sized mammals in the Jarrah forest of Western Australia. Pp. 60-70 in Conservation in production environments: managing the matrix, edited by J. L. Craig, N. Mitchell and D. A. Saunders, Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, NSW, Australia.
Morris, K., Johnson, B., Orell, P., Gaikhorst, G., Wayne, A. and Moro, D., 2003. Recovery of the threatened chuditch ( Dasyurus geoffroii): a case study. Pp. 435-451 in Predators with pouches: the biology of carnivorous marsupials, edited by M. Jones, C. R. Dickman and M. Archer, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne.
Nelson, J. L., Morris, B. J., 1994. Nesting requirements of the Yellow-tailed Black-cockatoo, Calyptorhynchus funereus, in Eucalyptus regnans forest, and implications for forest management. Wildlife Research 21: 267-278.
Nichols, O. G. and Muir, B., 1989. Vertebrates of the Jarrah forest. Pp. 133-153 in The Jarrah forest: a complex Mediterranean ecosystem, edited by B. Dell, J. J. Havel and N. Malajczuk, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Noon, B. R. and McKelvey, K. S., 1996. Management of the Spotted Owl - A case history in conservation biology. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 27: 135-162.
Norton, T. W. and Kirkpatrick, J., 1995. Sustainable forestry - the urgency to make the myth a reality. Pp 240-248 in Conserving Biodiversity. Threats and Solutions, edited by R.A. Bradstock, T. D. Auld, D.A. Keith, R.T. Kingsford, D. Lunney, and D. P. Silvertsen,. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Chipping Norton, NSW, Australia.
Norwood, C., Wardell-Johnson, G., Majer, J. D., Williams, M., 1995. Short-term influences of edge effect and gap creation on bird populations in Jarrah forest near Dwellingup, Western Australia. Australian Forestry 58: 48-57.
RAC, 1993 Ecological impacts of forest use: a survey of completed research. Research paper no. 9. Resource Assessment Commission, Canberra.
Rhind, S. G., 1998 Ecology of the Common Brushtail phascogale in Jarrah forest of southwestern Australia. PhD thesis, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology. Perth, Western Australia, Murdoch University.
Rhind, S. G., 1996. Habitat tree requirements and the effects of removal during logging on the marsupial Common Brushtail phascogale ( Phascogale tapoatafa tapoatafa) in Western Australia. The Western Australian Naturalist 21: 1-21.
Risbey, D.A., Calver, M.C., Short, J., Bradley, J.S. and Wright, I.W., 2000 The impact of cats and Foxes on the small vertebrate fauna of Heirisson Prong, Western Australia: II. A field experiment. Wildlife Research 27: 223-235
Russell, E., Rowley, I., 1998. The effects of fire on a population of Red-winged Fairy-wrens Malurus elegans in Karri forest in southwestern Australia. Pacific Conservation Biology 4: 197-208.
Saunders, D. A., 1982. The breeding behaviour and biology of the short-billed form of the White-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus funereus. Ibis 124: 422-455.
Scarff, F. R., Rhind, S. G. and Bradley, J. S., 1998. Diet and foraging behaviour of brush-tailed phascogales ( Phascogale tapoatafa) in the jarrah forest of south-western Australia. Wildlife Research 25: 511-526.
Shearer, B. L. and Tippett, J. T., 1989. Jarrah dieback: The dynamics and management of Phytophthora cinnamomi in the Jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata) forest of south-western Australia. Research Bulletin No. 3, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, Western Australia.
Steiger, J. H. and Fouladi, R. T., 1997. Noncentrality interval estimation and the evaluation of political models. Pp. 221-257 in What if there were no significance tests?, edited by L. L. Harlow, S. Mulaik and J. H. Steiger, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, New Jersey, USA.
Shortridge, G. C., 1909. An account of the geographical distibution of the marsupials and monotremes of South-west Australia, having special reference to the specimens collected during the Balston Expedition of 1904-1907. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 55: 803-847.
Shortridge, G. C., 1936. Field notes (hitherto unpublished) on Western Australian mammals south of the Tropic of Capricorn (exclusive of Marsupialia and Monotremata), and records of specimens collected during the Balston expeditions (November 1904 - June 1907). Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1936: 743-749.
Stoate, T.N., 1947. Report on the operations of the Forests Department for the year ended 30th June 1947. Forests Department of Western Australia.
Stoate, T. N. and Bednall, B. H., Undated. The jarrah and forestry practice. Unpublished manuscript archive no. 011/771, Woodvale library, Department of Conservation and Land Management, Western Australia.
Stoneman, G. L., Bradshaw, F.J., Christensen, P., 1989. Silviculture. Pp. 335-355 in The Jarrah forest: a complex Mediterranean ecosystem, edited by B. Dell, J. J. Havel and N. Malajczuk, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands.
Stoneman, G. L., Rayner, M. E. and Bradshaw, F. J., 1997. Size and age parameters of nest trees used by four species of parrot and one species of cockatoo in south-western Australia: Critique. Emu 97: 94-96.
Storr, G. M., 1991. Birds of the south-west division of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum, Supplement 35.
Strahan, R., (Ed.) 2000 The Mammals of Australia. Reed Books, Chatswood, New South Wales.
Strehlow, K., Bradley, J. S., Davis, J. and Friend, G. R., 2002. Short term impacts of logging on invertebrate communities in Jarrah forests in south-west Western Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 162: 165-184.
Suter, G. W., 1996. Abuse of hypothesis testing statistics in ecological risk assessment. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 2: 331-347.
Taylor, B. L., Gerrodette, T., 1993. The uses of statistical power analysis in conservation biology: the vaquita and northern spotted owl. Conservation Biology 7: 489-500.
Thackway, R., Cresswell, I. D., 1995. An interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia: a framework for setting priorities in the national reserves system cooperative program, Version 4.0. Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra.
Tille, P. and Lantske, N., 1990 The Busselton-Margaret River-Augusta land capability study. Land Resources Series No. 5, Western Australian Department of Agriculture, Perth.
Turner, M.G., Gardner, R.H. and O'Neill, R.V., 1995. Ecological dynamics at broad scales ecosystems and landscapes. BioScience Supplement, Science and biodiversity Policy 29-35.
Turner, M.G., Hargrove, W.W., Gardner, R.H. and Romme, W.H., 1994. Effects of fire on landscape heterogeneity in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. Journal of Vegetation Science 5, 731-742.
Twigg, L.E. and King, D.R., 1991 The impact of fluoracetate-bearing vegetation on native Australian fauna: a review. Oikos 61: 412-430.
Wallace, W. R., 1965. Fire in the jarrah forest environment. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 49: 33-44.
Ward, D. J., Lamont, B. B. and Burrows, C. L., 2001. Grass trees reveal contrasting fire regimes in eucalypt forests before and after European settlement in southwestern Australia. Journal of Forest Ecology 150: 323-329.
Wardell-Johnson, G., 2000. Responses of forest eucalypts to moderate and high intensity fire in the Tingle Mosaic, south-western Australia: comparisons between locally endemic and regionally distributed species. Austral Ecology 25: 409-421.
Wardell-Johnson, G. W. and Calver, M. C., 2002. Maintaining Ecosystem Health and Vitality - Viewpoint Two. Assessing health and vitality in the forested ecosystems of south-western Australia. Pp. 24-27 in Forest forum: Science and forest management, edited by C. C. o. W. Australia, Conservation Commission of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia.
Wardell-Johnson G. and Christensen P., 1992. A review of the effects of disturbance on wildlife of the Karri forest. Pp. 33-58 in Research on the Impact of Forest Management in south-west Western Australia, edited by A. A. Burbidge. Occasional paper 2/92. Department of Conservation and Land Management.
Wardell-Johnson, G. and Horwitz, P., 1996. Conserving biodiversity and the recognition of heterogeneity in ancient landscapes: a case study from south-western Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 85: 219-238.
Wardell-Johnson, G. and Horwitz, P., 2000. The recognition of heterogeneity and restricted endemism in the management of forested ecosystems in south-western Australia. Australian Forestry 63: 218-225.
Wardell-Johnson, G. and Nichols, O., 1991. Forest wildlife and habitat management in southwestern Australia: knowledge, research and direction. Pp. 161-192 in Conservation of Australia's forest fauna, edited by D. Lunney, The Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, New South Wales.
Wardell-Johnson, G. and Roberts, J. D., 1993. Biogeographic barriers in a subdued landscape: the distribution of the Geocrinia rosea (Anura: myobatrachidae) complex in south-western Australia. Journal of Biogeography 20: 95-108.
Wardell-Johnson, G. and Williams, M., 1996. A floristic survey of the Tingle Mosaic, south-western Australia. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 79: 249-276.
Wardell-Johnson, G., Williams, J., Hill, K. and Cummings, R., 1997. Evolutionary biogeography and contemporary distribution of eucalypts. Pp 92-128 in Eucalypt Ecology: Individuals to Ecosystems, edited by J. Williams, and J. Woinarski, (eds)., Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom.
Watson, P. and Wardell-Johnson, G., in press. Fire frequency and time-since-fire effects on the open-forest and woodland flora of Girraween National Park, south-east Queensland. Austral Ecology.
Wayne, A., Rooney, J., Ward, C., Wheeler, I. and Mellican, A., 2001. Spotlight surveys to investigate the impacts of timber harvesting and associated activities within the jarrah forest of Kingston State Forest, with particular reference to the koomal (Trichosurus vulpecula) and ngwayir (Pseudocheirus occidentalis): Kingston Project progress report. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, Western Australia.
Wayne, A., Ward, C., Rooney, J. and Wheeler, I., 2000. The immediate impacts of timber harvesting and associated activities on the ngwayir (Pseudocheirus occidentalis) in the jarrah forest of Kingston State Forest Block: progress report. Department of Conservation and Land Management, Perth, Western Australia.
Watson, J., Freudenberger, D. and Paull, D., 2001. An assessment of the focal-species approach for conserving birds in variegated landscapes in south-eastern Australia. Conservation Biology 15: 1364-1373.
Whitford, K. R., 2001. Dimensions of tree hollows used by fauna in the jarrah forest: improving the dimensional description of potentially usable hollows. CALMScience 3: 499-511.
Whitford, K. R., 2002. Hollows in jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata) and marri ( Corymbia calophylla) trees - I. Hollow sizes, tree attributes and ages. Forest Ecology and Management 160: 201-214.
Whitford, K. R. and Williams, M. R., 2001. Survival of jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata Sm.) and marri ( Corymbia calophylla Lindl.) habitat trees retained after logging. Forest Ecology and Management 146: 181-197.
Whitford, K. R. and Williams, M. R., 2002. Hollows in jarrah ( Eucalyptus marginata) and marri ( Corymbia calophylla) trees - II. Selecting trees to retain for hollow dependent fauna. Forest Ecology and Management 160: 215-232.
Williams, M. R. and Faunt, K., 1997. Factors affecting the abundance of hollows in logs in Jarrah forest of south-western Australia. Forest Ecology and Management 95: 153-160.
Williams, M. R., Abbott, I., Liddelow, G. L., Vellios, C., Wheeler, I. B. and Mellican, A. E., 2001. Recovery of bird populations after clearfelling of tall open eucalypt forest in Western Australia. Journal of Applied Ecology 38: 910-920.
Woodward, B. H. 1909. Extinct marsupials of Western Australia. Geological Magazine, London 6: 210-212.
Young, J. T., 1994. The future - effects of plant disease on society. Journal of the Royal Society of Western Australia 77: 185-186.
This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access.
