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Numerous marine introductions into Australian waters have occurred and will continue to occur. The mechanisms by which they occurred and the difficulties of eradication once they have become established are discussed. Introduced species are often categorised as being either a pest or cryptogenic and the criteria used to distinguish between these categories is discussed, although they may not be mutually exclusive. The main concern is that, for most species, we lack information as to the impact which they are having on native species and their associated marine communities. Finally, the difficulty in determining the native range of a species and the taxonomic difficulties of deciding if a species represents a new invasion, or just a natural range extension is commented on.

Australian Museum Business Services (AMBS) 1997 Ability of Target Organisms to Survive in Ballast Water. Report prepared for AQIS.
Australian Museum Business Services (AMBS) 2002 Port Surveys for Introduced marine species-Sydney Harbour Final Report. 146 pp.
Bell, J.D., Steffe, A.S. and Talbot, R.B. 1987. The Oriental Goby Acanthogobius flavimanus, colonises a third estuary in New South Wales, Australia. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 34: 227-230.
Carlton, J.T. 1985. Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms: the biology of ballast water. Oceanography and Marine Biology. An Annual Review 23: 313-371.
Carlton, J.T. 1987. Patterns of transoceanic marine biological invasions in the Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of Marine Science 41: 452-465.
Carlton, J.T. 1996. Biological invasions and cryptogenic species. Ecology 77(6): 1653-1655.
Carlton, J.T. and Geller, J. B. 1993. Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms. Science 261: 78-82.
Carson, J. and Handlinger, J. 2006. Virulence of the aetiological agent of goldfish ulcer disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases 11(6): 471-479.
Coles, S.L. and Eldridge, L.G. 2002. Nonindigenous species introductions on coral reefs. Pacific Science 56: 191-209.
Currie, D.R., McArthur, M.A. and Cohen, B.F. 2000. Reproduction and distribution of the invasive European fanworm Sabella spallanzanii (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Marine Biology 136[4]: 645-656.
Dickman, C R. 2007. The complex pest: interaction webs between pests and native species. Pp 208-215 in Pest or Guest. The Zoology of Overabundance, edited by D. Lunney, P. Eby, P. Hutchings and S. Burgin. Royal Zoological Society of NSW, Mosman, NSW.
Didham, R.K., Tylianakis, J.M., Hutchison, M.A., Ewers, R.M. and Gemmell, N.J. 2005. Are invasive species the drivers of ecological change? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20(9): 470-474.
Farnsworth, E, J. 2004. Patterns of plant invasions at sites with rare plant species throughout New England. Rhodora 106: 97-117.
Grannum, R.K., Murfet, N.B., Ritz, D.A. and Turner, E. 1996. The distribution and impact of the exotic seastar Asterias amurensis (Lütken), in Tasmania. In: The introduced northern Pacific seastar, Asterias amurensis (Lútken), in Tasmania. Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra, p 53-138.
Gunasekera, R.M., Patil, J.G., McEnnulty, F.R. and Bax, N.J. 2005. Specific amplification of mt-CO1 gene of the invasive gastropod Maoricolpus roseus in planktonic samples reveals a free-living larval life-history stage. Marine and Freshwater 56: 901-912.
Hallegraeff, G.M. and Bolch, C.J. 1992. Transport of dinoflagellate cysts in ship's ballast water: Implications for plankton biogeography and aquaculture. Journal of Plankton Research 14: 1067-1084.
Hallegraeff, G.M. and Fraga, S. 1998. Physiological ecology of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum, with emphasis on bloom dynamics in Tasmania and Spain. In: D.M. Anderson, A.D. Cembella and G.M. Hallegraeff (eds), Physiological ecology of harmful algal blooms. Proceedings NATO ASI Workshop, Bermuda, June 1996
Hallegraeff, G.M. and Gollasch, S. 2006. Potential Intoductions of microalgae. In Ecology of Harmful Algae edited Granéli E. and Turner, J.T. Ecological Studies Vol. 189:
Hallegraeff, G.M., Valenetine, J.P., Marshall, J. and Bolch, C.J. 1997. Temperature tolerances of toxic dinoflagellate cysts: application to the treatment of ships' ballast water. Aquatic Ecology 31: 47-52.
Hastings, A. 1996. Model of spatial spread: is the theory complete? Ecology 77: 1675-1679.
Haswell, W.A. 1883. On some new Australian tubiculous annelids. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 7: 633-638.
Hayes, K. and Sliwa, C. 2003. Identifying potential marine pests- a deductive approach applied to Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46: 91-98.
Hayes, K., Sliwa, C., Migus, S. and McEnnulty, F. 2004 National Priority Pests- Part II: Ranking of Australian Marine Pests. Final Report (Draft) for the Department of Environment and Heritage. CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart, Tasmania.
Hayes, K., Sliwa,C., Migus, S., McEnnulty, F. and Dunstan, P. 2005 National Priority Pests- Part II: Ranking of Australian Marine Pests. An independent report undertaken for the Department of Environment and Heritage. CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart, Tasmania.
Hewitt, C.L. and Martin, R.B. 2001. Revised protocols for baseline port surveys for introduced marine species- design considerations, sampling protocols and taxonomic sufficiency. CRIMP Technical Report No 22. CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart.
Hewitt, C.L., Campbell, M.L., Thresher, R.E., Martin, R.B., Boyd, S., Cohen, B.F., Currie, D.R., Gomon, M.F., Keough, M.J., Lewis, J.A., Lockett, M.M., Mays, N., McArthur, M.A., O'Hara, T., Poore, G.C.B., Ross, D.J., Storey, M.J., Watson, J.E. and Wilson, R.S. 2004. Introduced and cryptogenic species in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Marine Biology 144: 183-202.
Hilliard, R.W, Hutchings P.A., and Raaymakers, S., 1997. Ballast Water Risk Assessment for 12 Queensland Ports. Stage 4-Report. Review of Candidate Risk Biota. EcoPorts Monograph Series No. 13, Ports Corporation of Queensland, Brisbane 60pp.
Hoese, D.F. 1973. The introduction of the gobiid fishes Acanthogobius flavimanus and Tridentiger trigonocephalus into Australia. Koolewong 2: 3-5.
Holloway, M.G. and Keough, M.J. 2002a. An introduced polychaete affects recruitment and larval abundances of sessile invertebrates. Ecological Applications 12 (6): 1803-1823.
Holloway, M.G. and Keough, M.J 2002b. Effects of an introduced polychaete, Sabella spallanzanii. Marine Ecology Progress Series 236: 137-154.
Hutchings, P.A. 1993. Ballast water introductions of exotic marine organisms into Australia. Current Status and management options. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Special issue 25: 196-199.
Hutchings, P.A. 1999. The limits to our knowledge of introduced marine invertebrates. Pp 26-29 in The Other 99%. The Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates, edited by W. Ponder and D. Lunney. Transactions of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW.
Hutchings, P.A., Hilliard, R.W. L. and Coles, S., 2002. Species Introductions and Potential for Marine Pest Invasions into Tropical Marine Communities, with Special Reference to the Indo-Pacific. Pacific Science 56(2): 223-233.
Hutson, K.S., Ross, D.J., Day, R.W. and Ahern, J.J. 2005. Australian scallops do not recognise the introduced predatory seastar Asterias amurensis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 298: 305-309.
Ivanov, V.P., Kamakin, A.M., Ushivtzev, V.B., Shiganova, T., Zhukova, O., Aladin, N., Wilson, S.I., Harbison, G.R. and Dumont, H.J. 2000. Invasion of the Caspian Sea by the comb jellyfish Mnemiopsis leidyi. Biological Invasions 2: 255-258.
Johnson L.E. and Carlton, J.T. 1996. Post-establishment spread in large scale invasions: dispersal mechanisms of the Zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Ecology 77: 1686-1690.
Kerr, S. 1994 Ballast Water Ports and Shipping Study. Ballast Water Research Series Report No. 5. AQIS and Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra.
Knight-Jones, P. and Knight-Jones, E.W. 1979. Spirorbidae (Polychaeta Sedentaria) from Alaska to Panama. Journal of Zoology, London 189: 419-458.
Knight-Jones, E.W., and Knight-Jones, P. 1980. Pacific spirorbids in the East Atlantic. Journal Marine Biological Association of the UK. 60: 461-464.
Langdon, J. S., 1989. Prevention and control of fish diseases in the Murray-Darling Basin. In Proceedings of the workshop on native fish management, Canberra, 16-18 June 1988. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.
Lockett, B.M. and Gorman, M.F. 2001. Ship mediated fish invasions in Australia: two new introductions and a consideration of two previous invasions. Biological Invasions 3: 187-192.
Lodge, D.M. 1993. Biological Invasions: Lessons for Ecology. Tree 8(4): 133-137.
MacDougall, A.S and Turkington, R. 2005. Are invasive species the drivers or passengers of change in degraded ecosystems? Ecology 86: 42-55.
Mack, R.N., Simberloff, D., Lonsdale, W.M., Evans, H., Clout, M. and Bazzaz, F. 2000. Biotic Invasions: Causes, Epidemiology, Global Consequences and Control. Issues in Ecology 5: 1-20 Publication of Ecological Society of America.
Middleton, M.J 1982. The oriental goby Acanthogobius flavimanus (Temnick and Schlegel), an introduced fish in the coastal waters of New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Fish Biology 21: 513-523.
Moyle P. B. and Light, T. 1996. Fish invasions in California: do abiotic factors determine success? Ecology 77: 1666-1670.
Murphy, N. and Evans, B., 1998. Genetic origin of Australian populations of Asterias amurensis. In: Goggin, L.C (ed) Proceedings of a meeting on the biology and management of the introduced seastar Asterias amurensis in Australian waters. CSIRO Division of Marine Research, Hobart, pp. 22-25.
Nalepa, T.F. and Schloesser, D.W. 1993. Editors. Zebra mussels: biology, impact, and control. Lewis (CRC Press) Ann Arbor, Michegan, USA.
Nell, J.A., Smith, I.R. and McPhee, C.C. 2000. The Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerate (Gould 1850) breeding programme: progress and goals. Aquaculture Research 31: 45-49.
Neil, K.M., Hutchings, P.A. and Stafford, H., 2004. Port surveys for non-indigenous species - the benefits of taxonomic networks. Journal of Marine Science and Environment 1: 11-17.
Nojima S., El-Sayed Soliman, F., Kondo, Y., Kuwanao Y., Nasu, K. and Kitajima, C. 1986. Some notes on the outbreak of the sea star Asterias amurensis versicolor Sladen, in the Ariake Sea, western Kyushu. Publications Amakusa Marine Biology Laboratory 8: 89-112.
O'Brien, A.L., Ross, A.J., and Keough, M.J. 2006. Effects of Sabella spallanzanii physical structure on soft sediment macrofaunal assemblages. Marine and Freshwater Research 57: 363-371.
Parry, G.D. and Cohen, B.F. 2001. The distribution, abundance and population dynamics of the exotic seastar Asterias amurensis during the first three years of its invasion of Port Phillip Bay. Report No. 33, Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Queenscliffe.
Pollard, D.A. and Hutchings, P.A., 1990a. A review of exotic marine organisms introduced to the Australian region, 1. Fishes. Proceedings of the Asian Fisheries Society's Darwin Workshop, August 1988. Asian Fisheries Science 3: 205-221.
Pollard, D.A. and Hutchings, P.A., 1990b. A review of exotic marine organisms introduced to the Australian region. 2. Invertebrates and Algae. Asian Fisheries Science 3: 223-250.
Poore, G.C.B., Rainer, S.F., Spies, R.B. and Ward E 1975. The zoobenthos program in Port Phillip Bay, 1969-1973. Fish Wildlife Technical Papers. 7: 1-78.
Pyne R. 1999. The black-striped mussel ( Mytiliopsis sallei) infestation in Darwin: A clean up strategy. EcoPorts Monograph Series No. 19: 77-83.
Rigby, G.R. and Hallegraeff, G.M. 1994. The transfer and control of harmful marine organisms in shipping ballast water: Behaviour of marine plankton and ballast tank exchange trials on the MV “Iron Whyalla”. Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering 1: 91-110.
Ross, D.J., Johnson, C.R. and Hewitt, C.L. 2002. Impact of introduced seastars Asterias amurensis on survivorship of juvenile commercial bivalves Fulvia tenuicostata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 241: 99-112.
Sagarin, R.D., Barry, J.P., Gilman, S.E. and Baxter, C.H. 1999. Climate related change in an intertidal community over short and long time scales. Ecological Monographs 69: 465-490.
Sutton, C. A. and Bruce, B. D. 1996 Temperature and Salinity Tolerances of the Larvae of the Northern Pacific Seastar Asterias amurensis. Technical Report No. 6, (Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests), CSIRO, Division of Fisheries, Hobart.
Thomson F.K., S.A. Heinemann, and F.C. Dobbs, 2003. Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance in Cholera Bacteria Isolated From Ships' Ballast Water. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Marine Bioinvasions, La Jolla, California, March 16-19, 2003, p. 118.
Willan, R.C., Russell, B.C., Murfet, N.M., Moore, K.L., McEnnuity, F.R., Horner, S.K., Hewitt, C.L., Dally, G.M., Campbell, M.L. and Bourke, S.T. 2000. Outbreaks of Mytilopsis sallei (Recluz, 1849) (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) in Australia. Molluscan Research 20: 25-30.
Williams, R.J., Griffiths, F.B., Van der Wal, E.J. and Kelly, J. 1988. Cargo vessel ballast water as a vector for the transport of non-indigenous marine species. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 26: 409-420.
Williamson, M. and Fitter, A. 1996. The varying success of invaders. Ecology 77: 1661-1666.
Zibrowius, H. 1970 (1971). Les espèces Méditerranéennes du genre Hydroides (Polychaeta Serpulidae) remarques sur le prétendu polymorphisme de Hydroides uncinata. Tethys 2(3): 691-746.
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References

Australian Museum Business Services (AMBS) 1997 Ability of Target Organisms to Survive in Ballast Water. Report prepared for AQIS.
Australian Museum Business Services (AMBS) 2002 Port Surveys for Introduced marine species-Sydney Harbour Final Report. 146 pp.
Bell, J.D., Steffe, A.S. and Talbot, R.B. 1987. The Oriental Goby Acanthogobius flavimanus, colonises a third estuary in New South Wales, Australia. Japanese Journal of Ichthyology 34: 227-230.
Carlton, J.T. 1985. Transoceanic and interoceanic dispersal of coastal marine organisms: the biology of ballast water. Oceanography and Marine Biology. An Annual Review 23: 313-371.
Carlton, J.T. 1987. Patterns of transoceanic marine biological invasions in the Pacific Ocean. Bulletin of Marine Science 41: 452-465.
Carlton, J.T. 1996. Biological invasions and cryptogenic species. Ecology 77(6): 1653-1655.
Carlton, J.T. and Geller, J. B. 1993. Ecological roulette: the global transport of nonindigenous marine organisms. Science 261: 78-82.
Carson, J. and Handlinger, J. 2006. Virulence of the aetiological agent of goldfish ulcer disease in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L. Journal of Fish Diseases 11(6): 471-479.
Coles, S.L. and Eldridge, L.G. 2002. Nonindigenous species introductions on coral reefs. Pacific Science 56: 191-209.
Currie, D.R., McArthur, M.A. and Cohen, B.F. 2000. Reproduction and distribution of the invasive European fanworm Sabella spallanzanii (Polychaeta: Sabellidae) in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Marine Biology 136[4]: 645-656.
Dickman, C R. 2007. The complex pest: interaction webs between pests and native species. Pp 208-215 in Pest or Guest. The Zoology of Overabundance, edited by D. Lunney, P. Eby, P. Hutchings and S. Burgin. Royal Zoological Society of NSW, Mosman, NSW.
Didham, R.K., Tylianakis, J.M., Hutchison, M.A., Ewers, R.M. and Gemmell, N.J. 2005. Are invasive species the drivers of ecological change? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 20(9): 470-474.
Farnsworth, E, J. 2004. Patterns of plant invasions at sites with rare plant species throughout New England. Rhodora 106: 97-117.
Grannum, R.K., Murfet, N.B., Ritz, D.A. and Turner, E. 1996. The distribution and impact of the exotic seastar Asterias amurensis (Lütken), in Tasmania. In: The introduced northern Pacific seastar, Asterias amurensis (Lútken), in Tasmania. Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra, p 53-138.
Gunasekera, R.M., Patil, J.G., McEnnulty, F.R. and Bax, N.J. 2005. Specific amplification of mt-CO1 gene of the invasive gastropod Maoricolpus roseus in planktonic samples reveals a free-living larval life-history stage. Marine and Freshwater 56: 901-912.
Hallegraeff, G.M. and Bolch, C.J. 1992. Transport of dinoflagellate cysts in ship's ballast water: Implications for plankton biogeography and aquaculture. Journal of Plankton Research 14: 1067-1084.
Hallegraeff, G.M. and Fraga, S. 1998. Physiological ecology of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum, with emphasis on bloom dynamics in Tasmania and Spain. In: D.M. Anderson, A.D. Cembella and G.M. Hallegraeff (eds), Physiological ecology of harmful algal blooms. Proceedings NATO ASI Workshop, Bermuda, June 1996
Hallegraeff, G.M. and Gollasch, S. 2006. Potential Intoductions of microalgae. In Ecology of Harmful Algae edited Granéli E. and Turner, J.T. Ecological Studies Vol. 189:
Hallegraeff, G.M., Valenetine, J.P., Marshall, J. and Bolch, C.J. 1997. Temperature tolerances of toxic dinoflagellate cysts: application to the treatment of ships' ballast water. Aquatic Ecology 31: 47-52.
Hastings, A. 1996. Model of spatial spread: is the theory complete? Ecology 77: 1675-1679.
Haswell, W.A. 1883. On some new Australian tubiculous annelids. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 7: 633-638.
Hayes, K. and Sliwa, C. 2003. Identifying potential marine pests- a deductive approach applied to Australia. Marine Pollution Bulletin 46: 91-98.
Hayes, K., Sliwa, C., Migus, S. and McEnnulty, F. 2004 National Priority Pests- Part II: Ranking of Australian Marine Pests. Final Report (Draft) for the Department of Environment and Heritage. CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart, Tasmania.
Hayes, K., Sliwa,C., Migus, S., McEnnulty, F. and Dunstan, P. 2005 National Priority Pests- Part II: Ranking of Australian Marine Pests. An independent report undertaken for the Department of Environment and Heritage. CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart, Tasmania.
Hewitt, C.L. and Martin, R.B. 2001. Revised protocols for baseline port surveys for introduced marine species- design considerations, sampling protocols and taxonomic sufficiency. CRIMP Technical Report No 22. CSIRO Marine Research, Hobart.
Hewitt, C.L., Campbell, M.L., Thresher, R.E., Martin, R.B., Boyd, S., Cohen, B.F., Currie, D.R., Gomon, M.F., Keough, M.J., Lewis, J.A., Lockett, M.M., Mays, N., McArthur, M.A., O'Hara, T., Poore, G.C.B., Ross, D.J., Storey, M.J., Watson, J.E. and Wilson, R.S. 2004. Introduced and cryptogenic species in Port Phillip Bay, Victoria, Australia. Marine Biology 144: 183-202.
Hilliard, R.W, Hutchings P.A., and Raaymakers, S., 1997. Ballast Water Risk Assessment for 12 Queensland Ports. Stage 4-Report. Review of Candidate Risk Biota. EcoPorts Monograph Series No. 13, Ports Corporation of Queensland, Brisbane 60pp.
Hoese, D.F. 1973. The introduction of the gobiid fishes Acanthogobius flavimanus and Tridentiger trigonocephalus into Australia. Koolewong 2: 3-5.
Holloway, M.G. and Keough, M.J. 2002a. An introduced polychaete affects recruitment and larval abundances of sessile invertebrates. Ecological Applications 12 (6): 1803-1823.
Holloway, M.G. and Keough, M.J 2002b. Effects of an introduced polychaete, Sabella spallanzanii. Marine Ecology Progress Series 236: 137-154.
Hutchings, P.A. 1993. Ballast water introductions of exotic marine organisms into Australia. Current Status and management options. Marine Pollution Bulletin, Special issue 25: 196-199.
Hutchings, P.A. 1999. The limits to our knowledge of introduced marine invertebrates. Pp 26-29 in The Other 99%. The Conservation and Biodiversity of Invertebrates, edited by W. Ponder and D. Lunney. Transactions of the Royal Zoological Society of New South Wales, Mosman, NSW.
Hutchings, P.A., Hilliard, R.W. L. and Coles, S., 2002. Species Introductions and Potential for Marine Pest Invasions into Tropical Marine Communities, with Special Reference to the Indo-Pacific. Pacific Science 56(2): 223-233.
Hutson, K.S., Ross, D.J., Day, R.W. and Ahern, J.J. 2005. Australian scallops do not recognise the introduced predatory seastar Asterias amurensis. Marine Ecology Progress Series 298: 305-309.
Ivanov, V.P., Kamakin, A.M., Ushivtzev, V.B., Shiganova, T., Zhukova, O., Aladin, N., Wilson, S.I., Harbison, G.R. and Dumont, H.J. 2000. Invasion of the Caspian Sea by the comb jellyfish Mnemiopsis leidyi. Biological Invasions 2: 255-258.
Johnson L.E. and Carlton, J.T. 1996. Post-establishment spread in large scale invasions: dispersal mechanisms of the Zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. Ecology 77: 1686-1690.
Kerr, S. 1994 Ballast Water Ports and Shipping Study. Ballast Water Research Series Report No. 5. AQIS and Bureau of Resource Sciences, Canberra.
Knight-Jones, P. and Knight-Jones, E.W. 1979. Spirorbidae (Polychaeta Sedentaria) from Alaska to Panama. Journal of Zoology, London 189: 419-458.
Knight-Jones, E.W., and Knight-Jones, P. 1980. Pacific spirorbids in the East Atlantic. Journal Marine Biological Association of the UK. 60: 461-464.
Langdon, J. S., 1989. Prevention and control of fish diseases in the Murray-Darling Basin. In Proceedings of the workshop on native fish management, Canberra, 16-18 June 1988. Murray-Darling Basin Commission, Canberra.
Lockett, B.M. and Gorman, M.F. 2001. Ship mediated fish invasions in Australia: two new introductions and a consideration of two previous invasions. Biological Invasions 3: 187-192.
Lodge, D.M. 1993. Biological Invasions: Lessons for Ecology. Tree 8(4): 133-137.
MacDougall, A.S and Turkington, R. 2005. Are invasive species the drivers or passengers of change in degraded ecosystems? Ecology 86: 42-55.
Mack, R.N., Simberloff, D., Lonsdale, W.M., Evans, H., Clout, M. and Bazzaz, F. 2000. Biotic Invasions: Causes, Epidemiology, Global Consequences and Control. Issues in Ecology 5: 1-20 Publication of Ecological Society of America.
Middleton, M.J 1982. The oriental goby Acanthogobius flavimanus (Temnick and Schlegel), an introduced fish in the coastal waters of New South Wales, Australia. Journal of Fish Biology 21: 513-523.
Moyle P. B. and Light, T. 1996. Fish invasions in California: do abiotic factors determine success? Ecology 77: 1666-1670.
Murphy, N. and Evans, B., 1998. Genetic origin of Australian populations of Asterias amurensis. In: Goggin, L.C (ed) Proceedings of a meeting on the biology and management of the introduced seastar Asterias amurensis in Australian waters. CSIRO Division of Marine Research, Hobart, pp. 22-25.
Nalepa, T.F. and Schloesser, D.W. 1993. Editors. Zebra mussels: biology, impact, and control. Lewis (CRC Press) Ann Arbor, Michegan, USA.
Nell, J.A., Smith, I.R. and McPhee, C.C. 2000. The Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea glomerate (Gould 1850) breeding programme: progress and goals. Aquaculture Research 31: 45-49.
Neil, K.M., Hutchings, P.A. and Stafford, H., 2004. Port surveys for non-indigenous species - the benefits of taxonomic networks. Journal of Marine Science and Environment 1: 11-17.
Nojima S., El-Sayed Soliman, F., Kondo, Y., Kuwanao Y., Nasu, K. and Kitajima, C. 1986. Some notes on the outbreak of the sea star Asterias amurensis versicolor Sladen, in the Ariake Sea, western Kyushu. Publications Amakusa Marine Biology Laboratory 8: 89-112.
O'Brien, A.L., Ross, A.J., and Keough, M.J. 2006. Effects of Sabella spallanzanii physical structure on soft sediment macrofaunal assemblages. Marine and Freshwater Research 57: 363-371.
Parry, G.D. and Cohen, B.F. 2001. The distribution, abundance and population dynamics of the exotic seastar Asterias amurensis during the first three years of its invasion of Port Phillip Bay. Report No. 33, Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Queenscliffe.
Pollard, D.A. and Hutchings, P.A., 1990a. A review of exotic marine organisms introduced to the Australian region, 1. Fishes. Proceedings of the Asian Fisheries Society's Darwin Workshop, August 1988. Asian Fisheries Science 3: 205-221.
Pollard, D.A. and Hutchings, P.A., 1990b. A review of exotic marine organisms introduced to the Australian region. 2. Invertebrates and Algae. Asian Fisheries Science 3: 223-250.
Poore, G.C.B., Rainer, S.F., Spies, R.B. and Ward E 1975. The zoobenthos program in Port Phillip Bay, 1969-1973. Fish Wildlife Technical Papers. 7: 1-78.
Pyne R. 1999. The black-striped mussel ( Mytiliopsis sallei) infestation in Darwin: A clean up strategy. EcoPorts Monograph Series No. 19: 77-83.
Rigby, G.R. and Hallegraeff, G.M. 1994. The transfer and control of harmful marine organisms in shipping ballast water: Behaviour of marine plankton and ballast tank exchange trials on the MV “Iron Whyalla”. Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering 1: 91-110.
Ross, D.J., Johnson, C.R. and Hewitt, C.L. 2002. Impact of introduced seastars Asterias amurensis on survivorship of juvenile commercial bivalves Fulvia tenuicostata. Marine Ecology Progress Series 241: 99-112.
Sagarin, R.D., Barry, J.P., Gilman, S.E. and Baxter, C.H. 1999. Climate related change in an intertidal community over short and long time scales. Ecological Monographs 69: 465-490.
Sutton, C. A. and Bruce, B. D. 1996 Temperature and Salinity Tolerances of the Larvae of the Northern Pacific Seastar Asterias amurensis. Technical Report No. 6, (Centre for Research on Introduced Marine Pests), CSIRO, Division of Fisheries, Hobart.
Thomson F.K., S.A. Heinemann, and F.C. Dobbs, 2003. Patterns of Antibiotic Resistance in Cholera Bacteria Isolated From Ships' Ballast Water. Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Marine Bioinvasions, La Jolla, California, March 16-19, 2003, p. 118.
Willan, R.C., Russell, B.C., Murfet, N.M., Moore, K.L., McEnnuity, F.R., Horner, S.K., Hewitt, C.L., Dally, G.M., Campbell, M.L. and Bourke, S.T. 2000. Outbreaks of Mytilopsis sallei (Recluz, 1849) (Bivalvia: Dreissenidae) in Australia. Molluscan Research 20: 25-30.
Williams, R.J., Griffiths, F.B., Van der Wal, E.J. and Kelly, J. 1988. Cargo vessel ballast water as a vector for the transport of non-indigenous marine species. Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 26: 409-420.
Williamson, M. and Fitter, A. 1996. The varying success of invaders. Ecology 77: 1661-1666.
Zibrowius, H. 1970 (1971). Les espèces Méditerranéennes du genre Hydroides (Polychaeta Serpulidae) remarques sur le prétendu polymorphisme de Hydroides uncinata. Tethys 2(3): 691-746.
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