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Surveys of microbat communities in several regions of Western Australia have revealed a diversity-productivity model of community structure in which co-occurring species occupy different foraging niches, but environmental factors influence turnover in species composition across landscapes.

Detailed studies of species airframe morphologies, echolocation call designs, wingbeat frequencies and amplitudes, and flight muscle masses have revealed that bat sensory systems and aerodynamic packages (including fur and flight muscles) are fully integrated and functionally appropriate to empirical data on flight speeds, foraging strategies and microhabitats.

We also report on progress towards the development of a general model for estimating species energy budgets and quantifying the deterministic relationships between their energetics, aerodynamics, geographical ranges and foraging niches.

Armstrong, K.N. (2001). The distribution and roost habitat of the orange leaf-nosed bat, Rhinonicteris aurantius, in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Wildlife Research 28: 95-104.
Armstrong, K.N. and Anstee, S.D. (2000). The Ghost bat in the Pilbara: 100 years on. Australian Mammalogy 22: 93-101.
Beard, J. S. (1990). Plant life of Western Australia. Kangaroo Press, Kenthurst, New South Wales
Boscacci, L.J., McKenzie, N.L. and Kemper, C.M. (1987). Mammals pp 103-137. In A biological survey of the Nullarbor Region, South and Western Australia in 1984 (Eds N.L. McKenzie and A.C. Robinson). Dept Environment and Planning, Adelaide.
Burbidge, A.A. and McKenzie, N.L. (1989). Patterns in the modern decline of Western Australia's vertebrate fauna: causes and conservation implications. Biological Conservation 50: 143-198.
Burbidge, A.A., McKenzie, N.L. and Hall, N.J. (1995). A biological survey of the eastern goldfields of Western Australia. Part 12. The Mount Manning- Mount Elvire study area. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 49: 169-312.
Burbidge, A.A., McKenzie, N.L., Brennan, K.E.C., Woinarski, J.C.Z., Dickman, C.R., Baynes, A., Gordon, G., Menkhorst, R.W. and Robinson, A.C. (2009). Conservation and biogeography of Australia's terrestrial mammals. Australian Journal of Zoology 56, 411-422.
Bullen, R.D. (2005). What does the future hold for the White-striped Freetail bat Tadarida australis? Australasian Bat Society Newsletter 25: 28-30.
Bullen, R.D. (2006). Pilbara Chalinolobus morio persist! Australasian Bat Society Newsletter 27: p 41.
Bullen, R.D., and McKenzie, N.L. (2001). Bat airframe design - flight performance, stability and control in relation to foraging ecology. Australian Journal of Zoology 49: 235-261.
Bullen R.D. and McKenzie N.L. (2002a). Differentiating Western Australian Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) echolocation calls. Australian Mammalogy 23: 89-93
Bullen R.D. and McKenzie N.L. (2002b). Scaling bat wingbeat frequency and amplitude. Journal of Experimental Biology 205: 2615-2626.
Bullen R.D. and McKenzie N.L. (2004). Bat flight-muscle mass: implications for foraging strategy. Australian Journal of Zoology 52: 605-622.
Bullen, R. D. and McKenzie N. L. (2005). Seasonal range variation of Tadarida australis (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Western Australia: the impact of enthalpy. Australian Journal of Zoology 53:145-156.
Bullen, R.B. and McKenzie, N.L. (2007). Bat wing airfoil and planform structures relating to aerodynamic cleanliness. Australian Journal of Zoology 55: 237-247.
Bullen, R.B. and McKenzie, N.L. (2008a). The pelage of bats (Chiroptera) and the presence of aerodynamic riblets; the effect on aerodynamic cleanliness. Zoology 111: 279-286.
Bullen, R.B. and McKenzie, N.L. (2008b). Aerodynamic cleanliness in bats. Australian Journal of Zoology 56: 281-296.
Churchill, S. (1998). Australian Bats. Reed New Holland, Sydney.
Churchill, S.K., Helman, P.M. and Hall, L.S. (1988). Distribution, populations and status of the Orange horseshoe-bat Rhinonicteris aurantius(Chiroptera: Hipposideridae). Australian Mammalogy 11: 27-33.
ecologia Environment (2005). Goldsworthy Extension Project: Cattle Gorge Haul Road Biological Assessment Survey. Unpublished report commissioned by BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty. Ltd.
Environment Australia (2004). Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia: version 6.1. Available 21 April 2009 at http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/bioregion-framework/ibra/index.html#ibra
Fenton, M.B. (1982). Echolocation calls and patterns of hunting and habitat use of bats (Microchiroptera) from Chillagoe, North Queensland. Australian Journal of Zoology 30, 417-425.
Hall, L, Richards, G., McKenzie, N.L. and Dunlop. N. (1998). Importance of abandoned mines as fauna habitat. Symposium on Conservation Outside Nature Reserves, 5-8 February 1996. University of Queensland, Brisbane.
Kitchener, D.J., Keller, L.E., Chapman, A., McKenzie, N.L., Start, A.N. and Kenneally, K.F. (1981). Observations on Mammals of the Mitchell Plateau area, Kimberley, Western Australia pp 123-168. In Biological Survey of Mitchell Plateau and Admiralty Gulf, Kimberley, Western Australia. WesternAustralian Museum, Perth.
Lancaster, W. C., Henson, O. W. and Keating, A. W. (1995). Respiratory muscle activity in relation to vocalisation in flying bats. Journal of Experimental Biology 198: 175-191.
McKenzie, N.L. (1983). Mammals. In Wildlife of the Dampier Peninsula, South-west Kimberley, Western Australia.(Ed. N.L. McKenzie) Western Australian Wildlife Research Bulletin No. 11, 40-52 (Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Perth).
McKenzie, N.L. and Youngson, W.K. (1983). Mammals. In Wildlife of the Great Sandy Desert.(Eds A.A. Burbidge and N.L. McKenzie) Western Australian Wildlife Research Bulletin No. 12, 62-93 (Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Perth).
McKenzie, N.L. and Rolfe, J.K. (1986). Structure of bat guilds in the Kimberley mangroves, Australia. Journal of Animal Ecology 55: 401- 420.
McKenzie, N.L. and Start, A.N. (1989). Structure of bat guilds in mangroves: disturbance and determinism. In Patterns in the Structure of Mammalian Communities.(Eds D.W. Morris, Z. Abramski, B.J. Fox and R. Willig) pp. 167-178. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock Texas.
McKenzie, N.L. and Rolfe, J.K. (1995). The biological survey of the eastern goldfields of Western Australia. Part 11. The Boorabbin - Southern Cross study area. Records of the Western Australian Museum (Supplement) 49: 31-65.
McKenzie, N.L. and Muir, W.P. (2000). Bats of the southern Carnarvon basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum (Supplement) 61: 465-477.
McKenzie N.L. and Bullen R.D. (2003). Identifying Little Sandy Desert bat species from their echolocation calls. Australian Mammalogy 25: 73-80.
McKenzie, N.L. and Bullen, R.D. (2009). The echolocation calls, habitat relationships, foraging niches and communities of Pilbara microbats. Records of the Western Australian Museum (Supplement) 78: 123-155.
McKenzie, N.L., Rolfe, J.K. and Youngson, W.K. (1992). The biological survey of the eastern goldfields of Western Australia. Part 8. The Kurnalpi - Kalgoorlie study area. Records of the Western Australian Museum (Supplement) 41: 37-64.
McKenzie, N.L., Rolfe, J.K. and Youngson, W.K. (1994). The biological survey of the eastern goldfields of Western Australia. Part 10. The Sandstone - Sir Samuel and Leonora - Laverton study areas. Records of the Western Australian Museum (Supplement) 47: 1-166.
McKenzie, N.L., Fontanini, L., Lindus, N.V. and Williams, M.R. (1995a). Biological inventory of Koolan Island, Western Australia 2. Zoological notes. Records of the Western Australian Museum 17: 249-266.
McKenzie, N.L., Gunnell, A., Yani, M. and Williams, M. (1995b). Correspondence between flight morphology and foraging ecology in some Palaeotropical bats. Australian Journal of Zoology 43: 241-257.
McKenzie, N. L., Start, A.N. and Bullen, R. D. (2002). Foraging ecology and organisation of a desert bat fauna. Australian Journal of Zoology 50: 529-548.
McKenzie, N.L., Burbidge, A.A., Baynes, A., Brereton, R., Dickman, C.R., Gibson, L.A., Gordon, G., Menkhorst, R.W., Robinson, A.C., Williams, M.R. and Woinarski, J.C.Z. (2006). Analysis of factors implicated in the recent decline of Australia's mammalian fauna. Journal of Biogeography 34: 597-611.
Milne, D.J., Armstrong, A., Fisher, A., Flores, T. and Pavey, C.R. (2005). Structure and environmental relationships of insectivorous bat assemblages in tropical Australian savannas. Austral Ecology 30: 914-927.
Nowak R.M (1994). Walker's Bats of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore.
Pagel, M.D., May, R.M. and Collie, A.R. (1991). Ecological aspects of the geographical distribution and diversity of mammalian species. American Naturalist 137: 791-815.
Speakman, J.R. and Thomas, D.W. (2003). Physiological ecology and energetics of bats. In Bat Ecology (Eds. Kunz, T.H. and Fenton, M.B.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Srivastrava, D.S. and Lawton, J.H. (1998). Why more productive sites have more species: an experimental test of theory using tree-hole communities. The American Naturalist 152: 510-529.
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Contents

Data & Figures

References

Armstrong, K.N. (2001). The distribution and roost habitat of the orange leaf-nosed bat, Rhinonicteris aurantius, in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Wildlife Research 28: 95-104.
Armstrong, K.N. and Anstee, S.D. (2000). The Ghost bat in the Pilbara: 100 years on. Australian Mammalogy 22: 93-101.
Beard, J. S. (1990). Plant life of Western Australia. Kangaroo Press, Kenthurst, New South Wales
Boscacci, L.J., McKenzie, N.L. and Kemper, C.M. (1987). Mammals pp 103-137. In A biological survey of the Nullarbor Region, South and Western Australia in 1984 (Eds N.L. McKenzie and A.C. Robinson). Dept Environment and Planning, Adelaide.
Burbidge, A.A. and McKenzie, N.L. (1989). Patterns in the modern decline of Western Australia's vertebrate fauna: causes and conservation implications. Biological Conservation 50: 143-198.
Burbidge, A.A., McKenzie, N.L. and Hall, N.J. (1995). A biological survey of the eastern goldfields of Western Australia. Part 12. The Mount Manning- Mount Elvire study area. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement No. 49: 169-312.
Burbidge, A.A., McKenzie, N.L., Brennan, K.E.C., Woinarski, J.C.Z., Dickman, C.R., Baynes, A., Gordon, G., Menkhorst, R.W. and Robinson, A.C. (2009). Conservation and biogeography of Australia's terrestrial mammals. Australian Journal of Zoology 56, 411-422.
Bullen, R.D. (2005). What does the future hold for the White-striped Freetail bat Tadarida australis? Australasian Bat Society Newsletter 25: 28-30.
Bullen, R.D. (2006). Pilbara Chalinolobus morio persist! Australasian Bat Society Newsletter 27: p 41.
Bullen, R.D., and McKenzie, N.L. (2001). Bat airframe design - flight performance, stability and control in relation to foraging ecology. Australian Journal of Zoology 49: 235-261.
Bullen R.D. and McKenzie N.L. (2002a). Differentiating Western Australian Nyctophilus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) echolocation calls. Australian Mammalogy 23: 89-93
Bullen R.D. and McKenzie N.L. (2002b). Scaling bat wingbeat frequency and amplitude. Journal of Experimental Biology 205: 2615-2626.
Bullen R.D. and McKenzie N.L. (2004). Bat flight-muscle mass: implications for foraging strategy. Australian Journal of Zoology 52: 605-622.
Bullen, R. D. and McKenzie N. L. (2005). Seasonal range variation of Tadarida australis (Chiroptera: Molossidae) in Western Australia: the impact of enthalpy. Australian Journal of Zoology 53:145-156.
Bullen, R.B. and McKenzie, N.L. (2007). Bat wing airfoil and planform structures relating to aerodynamic cleanliness. Australian Journal of Zoology 55: 237-247.
Bullen, R.B. and McKenzie, N.L. (2008a). The pelage of bats (Chiroptera) and the presence of aerodynamic riblets; the effect on aerodynamic cleanliness. Zoology 111: 279-286.
Bullen, R.B. and McKenzie, N.L. (2008b). Aerodynamic cleanliness in bats. Australian Journal of Zoology 56: 281-296.
Churchill, S. (1998). Australian Bats. Reed New Holland, Sydney.
Churchill, S.K., Helman, P.M. and Hall, L.S. (1988). Distribution, populations and status of the Orange horseshoe-bat Rhinonicteris aurantius(Chiroptera: Hipposideridae). Australian Mammalogy 11: 27-33.
ecologia Environment (2005). Goldsworthy Extension Project: Cattle Gorge Haul Road Biological Assessment Survey. Unpublished report commissioned by BHP Billiton Iron Ore Pty. Ltd.
Environment Australia (2004). Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia: version 6.1. Available 21 April 2009 at http://www.environment.gov.au/parks/nrs/science/bioregion-framework/ibra/index.html#ibra
Fenton, M.B. (1982). Echolocation calls and patterns of hunting and habitat use of bats (Microchiroptera) from Chillagoe, North Queensland. Australian Journal of Zoology 30, 417-425.
Hall, L, Richards, G., McKenzie, N.L. and Dunlop. N. (1998). Importance of abandoned mines as fauna habitat. Symposium on Conservation Outside Nature Reserves, 5-8 February 1996. University of Queensland, Brisbane.
Kitchener, D.J., Keller, L.E., Chapman, A., McKenzie, N.L., Start, A.N. and Kenneally, K.F. (1981). Observations on Mammals of the Mitchell Plateau area, Kimberley, Western Australia pp 123-168. In Biological Survey of Mitchell Plateau and Admiralty Gulf, Kimberley, Western Australia. WesternAustralian Museum, Perth.
Lancaster, W. C., Henson, O. W. and Keating, A. W. (1995). Respiratory muscle activity in relation to vocalisation in flying bats. Journal of Experimental Biology 198: 175-191.
McKenzie, N.L. (1983). Mammals. In Wildlife of the Dampier Peninsula, South-west Kimberley, Western Australia.(Ed. N.L. McKenzie) Western Australian Wildlife Research Bulletin No. 11, 40-52 (Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Perth).
McKenzie, N.L. and Youngson, W.K. (1983). Mammals. In Wildlife of the Great Sandy Desert.(Eds A.A. Burbidge and N.L. McKenzie) Western Australian Wildlife Research Bulletin No. 12, 62-93 (Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Perth).
McKenzie, N.L. and Rolfe, J.K. (1986). Structure of bat guilds in the Kimberley mangroves, Australia. Journal of Animal Ecology 55: 401- 420.
McKenzie, N.L. and Start, A.N. (1989). Structure of bat guilds in mangroves: disturbance and determinism. In Patterns in the Structure of Mammalian Communities.(Eds D.W. Morris, Z. Abramski, B.J. Fox and R. Willig) pp. 167-178. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock Texas.
McKenzie, N.L. and Rolfe, J.K. (1995). The biological survey of the eastern goldfields of Western Australia. Part 11. The Boorabbin - Southern Cross study area. Records of the Western Australian Museum (Supplement) 49: 31-65.
McKenzie, N.L. and Muir, W.P. (2000). Bats of the southern Carnarvon basin, Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum (Supplement) 61: 465-477.
McKenzie N.L. and Bullen R.D. (2003). Identifying Little Sandy Desert bat species from their echolocation calls. Australian Mammalogy 25: 73-80.
McKenzie, N.L. and Bullen, R.D. (2009). The echolocation calls, habitat relationships, foraging niches and communities of Pilbara microbats. Records of the Western Australian Museum (Supplement) 78: 123-155.
McKenzie, N.L., Rolfe, J.K. and Youngson, W.K. (1992). The biological survey of the eastern goldfields of Western Australia. Part 8. The Kurnalpi - Kalgoorlie study area. Records of the Western Australian Museum (Supplement) 41: 37-64.
McKenzie, N.L., Rolfe, J.K. and Youngson, W.K. (1994). The biological survey of the eastern goldfields of Western Australia. Part 10. The Sandstone - Sir Samuel and Leonora - Laverton study areas. Records of the Western Australian Museum (Supplement) 47: 1-166.
McKenzie, N.L., Fontanini, L., Lindus, N.V. and Williams, M.R. (1995a). Biological inventory of Koolan Island, Western Australia 2. Zoological notes. Records of the Western Australian Museum 17: 249-266.
McKenzie, N.L., Gunnell, A., Yani, M. and Williams, M. (1995b). Correspondence between flight morphology and foraging ecology in some Palaeotropical bats. Australian Journal of Zoology 43: 241-257.
McKenzie, N. L., Start, A.N. and Bullen, R. D. (2002). Foraging ecology and organisation of a desert bat fauna. Australian Journal of Zoology 50: 529-548.
McKenzie, N.L., Burbidge, A.A., Baynes, A., Brereton, R., Dickman, C.R., Gibson, L.A., Gordon, G., Menkhorst, R.W., Robinson, A.C., Williams, M.R. and Woinarski, J.C.Z. (2006). Analysis of factors implicated in the recent decline of Australia's mammalian fauna. Journal of Biogeography 34: 597-611.
Milne, D.J., Armstrong, A., Fisher, A., Flores, T. and Pavey, C.R. (2005). Structure and environmental relationships of insectivorous bat assemblages in tropical Australian savannas. Austral Ecology 30: 914-927.
Nowak R.M (1994). Walker's Bats of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press Baltimore.
Pagel, M.D., May, R.M. and Collie, A.R. (1991). Ecological aspects of the geographical distribution and diversity of mammalian species. American Naturalist 137: 791-815.
Speakman, J.R. and Thomas, D.W. (2003). Physiological ecology and energetics of bats. In Bat Ecology (Eds. Kunz, T.H. and Fenton, M.B.). University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Srivastrava, D.S. and Lawton, J.H. (1998). Why more productive sites have more species: an experimental test of theory using tree-hole communities. The American Naturalist 152: 510-529.
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