Skip to Main Content
Skip Nav Destination

Riparian zones provide significant habitat for microbats. In forests subject to logging, buffers are normally retained along stream-beds to maintain water quality and protect riparian vegetation and its associated fauna. We sampled bat activity as part of a broader program to assess biodiversity and to provide a scientific basis for determining buffer widths around ephemeral streams in the Pilliga State forests of north-west New South Wales. Anabat detectors recorded bat activity over two consecutive nights in one season at each of three dry stream-bed sizes (small, medium and large), clustered into five different locations (replicates). Anabat detectors were placed at varying distances perpendicular from the dry, stream-bed centre of ephemeral streams (0 m, 50 m, 100 m, 200 m). To assess the influence on bat activity of the flyway per se versus the riparian zone, one cluster of sites represented a control or reference that comprised dirt roads of three equivalent widths. Over the course of the study 22,967 bat calls were recorded from 15 species. A multivariate analysis of species composition indicated that there was no distinct bat assemblage characteristic of the riparian zone. Overall, bat activity was not influenced by stream-bed size or the perpendicular distance from the stream-bed. However, there was a significant interaction between distance and stream-bed size, with large stream-beds supporting three times more activity over the channels than adjacent forest and woodland. Similarly for reference sites, there was more activity directly over the road than adjacent woodland. The response of individual species to flyways on the different-sized stream-beds varied generally in accordance with predictions based on their ecomorphology and echolocation call type. We conclude that large flyways have the most biological importance to the activity of a range of bat species and that, in conjunction with studies on other components of biodiversity, the riparian zone rarely extends beyond the stream-bed channel in the Pilliga forests.

Adams, M., Reardon, T.R., Baverstock, P.R. and Watts, C.H.S. 1988. Electrophoretic resolution of species boundaries in Australian Microchiroptera. IV. The Molossidae (Chiroptera). Australian Journal of Biological Science 41: 315-26.
Anderson, J., Law, B. and Tidemann C. 2006. Stream-bed use by the large-footed myotis Myotis macropus in relation to environmental variables in northern New South Wales. Australian Mammalogy 28: 15-26.
Binns, D. and Beckers, D. 2001. Floristic patterns in the Pilliga. Pp. 104-10 in Perfumed Pineries: Environmental History of Australia's Callitris forests. Edited by J. Dargavel, D. Hart and B. Libbis. CRES, ANU, Canberra.
Brigham, R.M., Francis, R.L. and Hamdorf, S. 1997. Microhabitat use by two species of Nyctophilus bats: a test of ecomorphology theory. Australian Journal of Zoology 45: 553-60.
Bullen, R. and McKenzie, N.L. 2001. Bat airframe design: flight performance, stability and control in relation to foraging ecology. Australian Journal of Zoology 49: 235-61.
Catterall, C.P., Piper, S.C., Bunn, S.E. and Arthur, J.M. 2001. Flora and fauna assemblages vary with local topography in subtropical eucalypt forest. Austral Ecology 26: 56-69.
Churchill, S. 1998 Australian Bats. New Holland Publishers, Sydney.
Clarke, K.R. 1993. Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Australian Journal of Ecology 18: 117-43.
Clarke, K.R. and Gorley, R.N. 2006 PRIMER v6, User Manual/Tutorial. Primer-E Ltd, Plymouth.
Dangerfield, M.J., Pik, A.J. and Howden, C. 2001 Biological Width of Ephemeral Stream-beds in Pilliga State Forest. Report to Resource and Conservation Division, Department of Urban Affairs and Planning.
Gibson, M. and Lumsden, L. 2003. The Anascheme automated bat call identification system. The Australasian Bat Society Newsletter 20: 24-6.
Grant, J.D.A. 1991. Prey location by two Australian long-eared bats, Nyctophilus gouldi and N. geoffroyi. Australian Journal of Zoology 39: 45-56.
Herr, A., Klomp, N.I. and Atkinson, J.S. 1997. Identification of bat echolocation calls using a decision tree classification system. Complexity International Journal, (ISSN 1320-0682), Vol. 4, The Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt University, Albury Australia. URL. http://www.complexity.org.au/vol4/herr/batcall.html
Hesse, P. and Humphreys, G. 2001. Pilliga landscapes, Quaternary environment and geomorphology. Pp 79-87 in Perfumed Pineries: Environmental History of Australia's Callitris forests. Edited by J. Dargavel, D. Hart and B. Libbis. CRES, ANU, Canberra.
Kavanagh, R.P. and Webb, G.A. 1998. Effects of variable-intensity logging on mammals, reptiles and amphibians at Waratah Creek, southern New South Wales. Pacific Conservation Biology 4: 326-47.
Law, B.S. 2004. Challenges for the management of bats in State Forests of NSW. Pp 748-60 in Conservation of Australia's Forest Fauna (2nd edition). Edited by D. Lunney. Royal Zoological Society of NSW, Sydney.
Law, B.S. and Anderson, J. 1999. A survey for the Southern Myotis Myotis macropus (Vespertilionidae) and other bat species in River Red Gum ( Eucalyptus camaldulensis) Forests of the Murray River. Australian Zoologist 31: 166-74.
Law, B.S. and Anderson, J. 2000. Roost preferences and foraging ranges of the eastern forest bat Vespadelus pumilus under two disturbance histories in northern New South Wales, Australia. Austral Ecology 25: 352-67.
Law, B.S., Anderson J. and Chidel, M. 1998. A survey of bats of the south-west slopes region of NSW and suggestions for the improvements of survey techniques. Australian Zoologist 30: 467-79.
Law, B.S. and Chidel, M. 2001. Bat activity 22 years after first-round intensive logging of alternate coupes near Eden, NSW. Australian Forestry 64: 242-47.
Law, B.S. and Chidel, M. 2002. Tracks and riparian zones facilitate the use of Australian regrowth forest by insectivorous bats. Journal of Applied Ecology 39: 605-17.
Law, B.S. and Chidel, M. 2004. Roosting and foraging ecology of the golden-tipped bat Kerivoula papuensis on the south coast of New South Wales. Wildlife Research 31: 73-82.
Law, B.S. and Chidel, M. 2006. Eucalypt plantings on farms: use by insectivorous bats. Biological Conservation 133: 236-49.
Law, B.S., Reinhold, L. and Pennay, M. 2002. Geographic variation in the echolocation calls of Vespadelus spp. (Vespertilionidae) from New South Wales and Queensland, Australia. Acta Chiropterologica 4: 201-15.
Lemckert, F. and Brassil, T. 2000. Movements and habitat use of the endangered giant barred river frog ( Mixophyes iteraturs) and the implications for its conservation in timber production forests. Biological Conservation 96: 177-84.
Liang, K.Y. and Zeger, S.L. 1986. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 73: 13-22.
Lindenmayer, D.B., Cunningham, R. and Donnelly, C.F. 1993. The conservation of arboreal marsupials in the montane ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, south-east Australia, IV. The presence and abundance of arboreal marsupials in retained linear habitats (wildlife corridors) within logged forest. Biological Conservation 66: 207-21.
Lloyd A., Law B. and Goldingay R. 2006. Bat activity on riparian zones and upper slopes in Australian timber production forests and the effectiveness of riparian buffers. Biological Conservation 129: 207-20.
Lumsden, L.F. and Bennett, A.F. 1995. Bats of a semi-arid environment in south-eastern Australia: biogeography, ecology and conservation. Wildlife Research 22: 217-40.
Lumsden, L.F. and Bennett, A.F. 2005. Scattered trees in rural landscapes: foraging habitat for insectivorous bats in south-eastern Australia. Biological Conservation 122: 205-22.
Lumsden, L.F., Bennett, A.F. and Silins, J.E. 2002. Location of roosts of the lesser long-eared bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi and Gould's wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii in a fragmented landscape in south-eastern Australia. Biological Conservation 106: 237-49.
Lunney, D., Barker, J., Priddel, D. and O'Connell, M. 1988. Roost selection by Gould's long-eared bat, Nyctophilus gouldi Thomas (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), in logged forest on the south coast of New South Wales. Australian Wildlife Research 15: 375-84.
Lynch, R.J., Bunn, S.E. and Catterall, C.P. 2002. Adult aquatic insects: potential contributors to riparian food webs in Australia's wet-dry tropics. Austral Ecology 27: 515-26.
Maron, M. and Kennedy, S. 2007. Roads, fire and aggressive competitors: determinants of bird distribution in subtropical production forests. Forest Ecology and Management 240: 24-31.
McKenzie, N.L., Start, A.N. and Bullen, R.D. 2002. Foraging ecology and organization of a desert bat fauna. Australian Journal of Zoology 50: 529-48.
Milne, D.J., Armstrong, M., Fisher, A., Flores, T. and Pavey, C.R. (2004). A comparison of three survey methods for collecting bat echolocation calls and species accumulation rates from nightly Anabat recordings. Wildlife Research 31: 57-63.
Milne, D.J., Armstrong, M., Fisher, A., Flores, T. and Pavey, C.R. (2005). Structure and environmental relationships of insectivorous bat assemblages in tropical Australian savannas. Austral Ecology 30: 906-19.
Naiman, R.J. and Decamps, H. 1997. The ecology of interfaces: riparian zones. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28: 621-58.
O'Neill, M.G. and Taylor, R.J. 1986. Observations on flight patterns and foraging behaviour of Tasmanian bats. Australian Wildlife Research 13: 427-32.
Palmer, G.C. and Bennett, A.F. 2006. Riparian zones provide for distinct bird assemblages in forest mosaics of south-east Australia. Biological Conservation 130: 447-57.
Parsons, S. 1996. A comparison of the performance of a brand of broad band and several brands of narrow-band bat detectors in two different habitat types. Bioacoustics 7: 33-43.
Patriquin, K.P., Hogberg, L.K., Chruszcz, B.J. and Barclay, R.M.R. 2003. The influence of habitat structure on the ability to detect ultrasound using bat detectors. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31: 475-81.
Pennay, M. and Gosper, C. 2002 Brigalow Belt South Stage 2 Vertebrate Fauna Survey, Analysis and Modelling Projects. Resource and Conservation Division, Planning NSW. Sydney.
Pennay, M., Law, B. and Reinhold, L. 2004 Bat Calls of NSW: region based guide to the echolocation calls of Microchiropteran bats. NSW Dept. Environment and Conservation, Hurstville.
Quinn, G.P. and Keough, M.J. 2002 Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Recher, H.F., Shields J., Kavanagh, K. and Webb G. 1987. Retaining remnant mature forest for nature conservation at Eden, New South Wales: a review of theory and practice. Pp 177-94 in Nature Conservation: The Role of Remnants of Native Vegetation. Edited by D.A. Saunders, G.W. Arnold, A.A. Burbidge and A.J.M. Hopkins. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney.
Recher, H.F., Kavanagh, R.P., Shields, J.M. and Lind, P. 1991. Ecological association of habitats and bird species during the breeding season in southeastern New South Wales. Australian Journal of Ecology 16: 337-52.
Reinhold, L., Law, B., Ford, G. and Pennay, M. 2001. Key to the bat calls of south-east Queensland and north-east New South Wales. Forest Ecosystem Research and Assessment Technical Paper 2001-07, Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Queensland, 62 pp.
Reside, A. E. and Lumsden, L.F. 2011. Resource partitioning by two closely-related sympatric freetail bats, Mormopterus spp. Pp. 155-166 in The Conservation and Biology of Australasian Bats. Edited by B. Law, P. Eby, D. Lunney and L. Lumsden. Royal Zoological Society of NSW, Mosman.
Rhodes, M.P. 2002. Assessment of sources of variance and patterns of overlap in microchiropteran wing morphology in southeast Queensland, Australia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80: 450-60.
Schaub, A. and Scnitzler, H.-U. 2007. Echolocation behaviour of the bat Vespertilio murinus reveals the border between habitat types “edge” and “open space”. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 61: 513-23.
Schnitzler, H.-U., Moss, C.F. and Denzinger, A. 2003. From spatial orientation to food acquisition in echolocating bats. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 386-94.
Schulz, M. 2000. Roosts used by the golden-tipped bat Kerivoula papuensis (Chiroptera: Vepsertilionidae). Journal of Zoology 250: 467-78.
Soderquist, T.R. and Mac Nally, R. 2000. The conservation value of mesic gullies in dry landscapes: mammal populations in the box-ironbark ecosystem of southern Australia. Biological Conservation 93: 281-91.
Turbill, C. and Ellis, M. 2006. Distribution and abundance of the south-eastern form of the greater long-eared bat Nyctophilus timoriensis. Australian Mammalogy 28: 1-6.
Walsh, A.L. and Harris, S. 1996. Factors determining the abundance of vespertilionid bats in Britain: geographical, land class and local habitat relationships. Journal of Applied Ecology 33: 519-29.
Williams, A.J. and Dickman, C.D. 2004. The ecology of insectivorous bats in the Simpson Desert, central Australia: habitat use. Australian Mammalogy 26: 205-14.
Yan, J. 2002. geepack: Yet Another Package for Generalized Estimating Equations. R-News 2/3: 12-14.
Young, R.A. and Ford, G.I. 2000. Bat fauna of a semi-arid environment in central western Queensland, Australia. Wildlife Research 27: 203-15.
This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access.

Contents

Data & Figures

References

Adams, M., Reardon, T.R., Baverstock, P.R. and Watts, C.H.S. 1988. Electrophoretic resolution of species boundaries in Australian Microchiroptera. IV. The Molossidae (Chiroptera). Australian Journal of Biological Science 41: 315-26.
Anderson, J., Law, B. and Tidemann C. 2006. Stream-bed use by the large-footed myotis Myotis macropus in relation to environmental variables in northern New South Wales. Australian Mammalogy 28: 15-26.
Binns, D. and Beckers, D. 2001. Floristic patterns in the Pilliga. Pp. 104-10 in Perfumed Pineries: Environmental History of Australia's Callitris forests. Edited by J. Dargavel, D. Hart and B. Libbis. CRES, ANU, Canberra.
Brigham, R.M., Francis, R.L. and Hamdorf, S. 1997. Microhabitat use by two species of Nyctophilus bats: a test of ecomorphology theory. Australian Journal of Zoology 45: 553-60.
Bullen, R. and McKenzie, N.L. 2001. Bat airframe design: flight performance, stability and control in relation to foraging ecology. Australian Journal of Zoology 49: 235-61.
Catterall, C.P., Piper, S.C., Bunn, S.E. and Arthur, J.M. 2001. Flora and fauna assemblages vary with local topography in subtropical eucalypt forest. Austral Ecology 26: 56-69.
Churchill, S. 1998 Australian Bats. New Holland Publishers, Sydney.
Clarke, K.R. 1993. Non-parametric multivariate analyses of changes in community structure. Australian Journal of Ecology 18: 117-43.
Clarke, K.R. and Gorley, R.N. 2006 PRIMER v6, User Manual/Tutorial. Primer-E Ltd, Plymouth.
Dangerfield, M.J., Pik, A.J. and Howden, C. 2001 Biological Width of Ephemeral Stream-beds in Pilliga State Forest. Report to Resource and Conservation Division, Department of Urban Affairs and Planning.
Gibson, M. and Lumsden, L. 2003. The Anascheme automated bat call identification system. The Australasian Bat Society Newsletter 20: 24-6.
Grant, J.D.A. 1991. Prey location by two Australian long-eared bats, Nyctophilus gouldi and N. geoffroyi. Australian Journal of Zoology 39: 45-56.
Herr, A., Klomp, N.I. and Atkinson, J.S. 1997. Identification of bat echolocation calls using a decision tree classification system. Complexity International Journal, (ISSN 1320-0682), Vol. 4, The Johnstone Centre, Charles Sturt University, Albury Australia. URL. http://www.complexity.org.au/vol4/herr/batcall.html
Hesse, P. and Humphreys, G. 2001. Pilliga landscapes, Quaternary environment and geomorphology. Pp 79-87 in Perfumed Pineries: Environmental History of Australia's Callitris forests. Edited by J. Dargavel, D. Hart and B. Libbis. CRES, ANU, Canberra.
Kavanagh, R.P. and Webb, G.A. 1998. Effects of variable-intensity logging on mammals, reptiles and amphibians at Waratah Creek, southern New South Wales. Pacific Conservation Biology 4: 326-47.
Law, B.S. 2004. Challenges for the management of bats in State Forests of NSW. Pp 748-60 in Conservation of Australia's Forest Fauna (2nd edition). Edited by D. Lunney. Royal Zoological Society of NSW, Sydney.
Law, B.S. and Anderson, J. 1999. A survey for the Southern Myotis Myotis macropus (Vespertilionidae) and other bat species in River Red Gum ( Eucalyptus camaldulensis) Forests of the Murray River. Australian Zoologist 31: 166-74.
Law, B.S. and Anderson, J. 2000. Roost preferences and foraging ranges of the eastern forest bat Vespadelus pumilus under two disturbance histories in northern New South Wales, Australia. Austral Ecology 25: 352-67.
Law, B.S., Anderson J. and Chidel, M. 1998. A survey of bats of the south-west slopes region of NSW and suggestions for the improvements of survey techniques. Australian Zoologist 30: 467-79.
Law, B.S. and Chidel, M. 2001. Bat activity 22 years after first-round intensive logging of alternate coupes near Eden, NSW. Australian Forestry 64: 242-47.
Law, B.S. and Chidel, M. 2002. Tracks and riparian zones facilitate the use of Australian regrowth forest by insectivorous bats. Journal of Applied Ecology 39: 605-17.
Law, B.S. and Chidel, M. 2004. Roosting and foraging ecology of the golden-tipped bat Kerivoula papuensis on the south coast of New South Wales. Wildlife Research 31: 73-82.
Law, B.S. and Chidel, M. 2006. Eucalypt plantings on farms: use by insectivorous bats. Biological Conservation 133: 236-49.
Law, B.S., Reinhold, L. and Pennay, M. 2002. Geographic variation in the echolocation calls of Vespadelus spp. (Vespertilionidae) from New South Wales and Queensland, Australia. Acta Chiropterologica 4: 201-15.
Lemckert, F. and Brassil, T. 2000. Movements and habitat use of the endangered giant barred river frog ( Mixophyes iteraturs) and the implications for its conservation in timber production forests. Biological Conservation 96: 177-84.
Liang, K.Y. and Zeger, S.L. 1986. Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models. Biometrika 73: 13-22.
Lindenmayer, D.B., Cunningham, R. and Donnelly, C.F. 1993. The conservation of arboreal marsupials in the montane ash forests of the Central Highlands of Victoria, south-east Australia, IV. The presence and abundance of arboreal marsupials in retained linear habitats (wildlife corridors) within logged forest. Biological Conservation 66: 207-21.
Lloyd A., Law B. and Goldingay R. 2006. Bat activity on riparian zones and upper slopes in Australian timber production forests and the effectiveness of riparian buffers. Biological Conservation 129: 207-20.
Lumsden, L.F. and Bennett, A.F. 1995. Bats of a semi-arid environment in south-eastern Australia: biogeography, ecology and conservation. Wildlife Research 22: 217-40.
Lumsden, L.F. and Bennett, A.F. 2005. Scattered trees in rural landscapes: foraging habitat for insectivorous bats in south-eastern Australia. Biological Conservation 122: 205-22.
Lumsden, L.F., Bennett, A.F. and Silins, J.E. 2002. Location of roosts of the lesser long-eared bat Nyctophilus geoffroyi and Gould's wattled bat Chalinolobus gouldii in a fragmented landscape in south-eastern Australia. Biological Conservation 106: 237-49.
Lunney, D., Barker, J., Priddel, D. and O'Connell, M. 1988. Roost selection by Gould's long-eared bat, Nyctophilus gouldi Thomas (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), in logged forest on the south coast of New South Wales. Australian Wildlife Research 15: 375-84.
Lynch, R.J., Bunn, S.E. and Catterall, C.P. 2002. Adult aquatic insects: potential contributors to riparian food webs in Australia's wet-dry tropics. Austral Ecology 27: 515-26.
Maron, M. and Kennedy, S. 2007. Roads, fire and aggressive competitors: determinants of bird distribution in subtropical production forests. Forest Ecology and Management 240: 24-31.
McKenzie, N.L., Start, A.N. and Bullen, R.D. 2002. Foraging ecology and organization of a desert bat fauna. Australian Journal of Zoology 50: 529-48.
Milne, D.J., Armstrong, M., Fisher, A., Flores, T. and Pavey, C.R. (2004). A comparison of three survey methods for collecting bat echolocation calls and species accumulation rates from nightly Anabat recordings. Wildlife Research 31: 57-63.
Milne, D.J., Armstrong, M., Fisher, A., Flores, T. and Pavey, C.R. (2005). Structure and environmental relationships of insectivorous bat assemblages in tropical Australian savannas. Austral Ecology 30: 906-19.
Naiman, R.J. and Decamps, H. 1997. The ecology of interfaces: riparian zones. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 28: 621-58.
O'Neill, M.G. and Taylor, R.J. 1986. Observations on flight patterns and foraging behaviour of Tasmanian bats. Australian Wildlife Research 13: 427-32.
Palmer, G.C. and Bennett, A.F. 2006. Riparian zones provide for distinct bird assemblages in forest mosaics of south-east Australia. Biological Conservation 130: 447-57.
Parsons, S. 1996. A comparison of the performance of a brand of broad band and several brands of narrow-band bat detectors in two different habitat types. Bioacoustics 7: 33-43.
Patriquin, K.P., Hogberg, L.K., Chruszcz, B.J. and Barclay, R.M.R. 2003. The influence of habitat structure on the ability to detect ultrasound using bat detectors. Wildlife Society Bulletin 31: 475-81.
Pennay, M. and Gosper, C. 2002 Brigalow Belt South Stage 2 Vertebrate Fauna Survey, Analysis and Modelling Projects. Resource and Conservation Division, Planning NSW. Sydney.
Pennay, M., Law, B. and Reinhold, L. 2004 Bat Calls of NSW: region based guide to the echolocation calls of Microchiropteran bats. NSW Dept. Environment and Conservation, Hurstville.
Quinn, G.P. and Keough, M.J. 2002 Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Recher, H.F., Shields J., Kavanagh, K. and Webb G. 1987. Retaining remnant mature forest for nature conservation at Eden, New South Wales: a review of theory and practice. Pp 177-94 in Nature Conservation: The Role of Remnants of Native Vegetation. Edited by D.A. Saunders, G.W. Arnold, A.A. Burbidge and A.J.M. Hopkins. Surrey Beatty and Sons, Sydney.
Recher, H.F., Kavanagh, R.P., Shields, J.M. and Lind, P. 1991. Ecological association of habitats and bird species during the breeding season in southeastern New South Wales. Australian Journal of Ecology 16: 337-52.
Reinhold, L., Law, B., Ford, G. and Pennay, M. 2001. Key to the bat calls of south-east Queensland and north-east New South Wales. Forest Ecosystem Research and Assessment Technical Paper 2001-07, Department of Natural Resources and Mines, Queensland, 62 pp.
Reside, A. E. and Lumsden, L.F. 2011. Resource partitioning by two closely-related sympatric freetail bats, Mormopterus spp. Pp. 155-166 in The Conservation and Biology of Australasian Bats. Edited by B. Law, P. Eby, D. Lunney and L. Lumsden. Royal Zoological Society of NSW, Mosman.
Rhodes, M.P. 2002. Assessment of sources of variance and patterns of overlap in microchiropteran wing morphology in southeast Queensland, Australia. Canadian Journal of Zoology 80: 450-60.
Schaub, A. and Scnitzler, H.-U. 2007. Echolocation behaviour of the bat Vespertilio murinus reveals the border between habitat types “edge” and “open space”. Behavioural Ecology and Sociobiology 61: 513-23.
Schnitzler, H.-U., Moss, C.F. and Denzinger, A. 2003. From spatial orientation to food acquisition in echolocating bats. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 386-94.
Schulz, M. 2000. Roosts used by the golden-tipped bat Kerivoula papuensis (Chiroptera: Vepsertilionidae). Journal of Zoology 250: 467-78.
Soderquist, T.R. and Mac Nally, R. 2000. The conservation value of mesic gullies in dry landscapes: mammal populations in the box-ironbark ecosystem of southern Australia. Biological Conservation 93: 281-91.
Turbill, C. and Ellis, M. 2006. Distribution and abundance of the south-eastern form of the greater long-eared bat Nyctophilus timoriensis. Australian Mammalogy 28: 1-6.
Walsh, A.L. and Harris, S. 1996. Factors determining the abundance of vespertilionid bats in Britain: geographical, land class and local habitat relationships. Journal of Applied Ecology 33: 519-29.
Williams, A.J. and Dickman, C.D. 2004. The ecology of insectivorous bats in the Simpson Desert, central Australia: habitat use. Australian Mammalogy 26: 205-14.
Yan, J. 2002. geepack: Yet Another Package for Generalized Estimating Equations. R-News 2/3: 12-14.
Young, R.A. and Ford, G.I. 2000. Bat fauna of a semi-arid environment in central western Queensland, Australia. Wildlife Research 27: 203-15.
Close Modal

or Create an Account

Close Modal
Close Modal