... The use of marine protected areas as a major tool in marine conservation is now accepted throughout much of the world. New South Wales is committed to a process of establishing a comprehensive system of marine protected areas for all marine waters under its jurisdiction. The current status...

..., the area in which the protection applies differs for each group. Permit and licence requirements for scientific research and ANPWS involvement in marine mammal research are outlined. Current legislative protection is directed at preventing the direct killing and capture of marine mammals but further...

... is inconsistent because most areas of the environment in need of protection cross the jurisdictional boundaries. The practical effect of this is that some areas in need of protection are covered by a strong legislative framework, while others are not. Particularly problematic is the fact that most marine...

... the case for a marine implementation of multiple use management characterised by a core component of highly protected reference or sanctuary sites within a larger ecosystem-scale area managed for verifiably sustainable use and providing effective buffering for highly protected coresites. ...

... Debate surrounding the effectiveness, or otherwise, of marine reserves has not been well informed by data. However, in areas where marine reserves have been established for some time, valuable information is now becoming available. New Zealand's no-take marine reserves have demonstrated large...

... incorporating on and off-reserve conservation techniques. Increasingly for marine and terrestrial systems, the most important conservation planning objectives include the establishment of secure systems of appropriately located, designed and managed protected areas, and to integrate their application...

... on. Initially, small isolated aquatic reserves were established, but recently larger areas have been declared as multi-use parks with zones. Off-park conservation is also critical for long-term survival, given such findings that there is no area of Australia's continental shelf that has not been trawled...

.... For grey nurse sharks, critical habitat areas have been declared at key aggregation sites, controls placed on fishing in and around these areas, additional diver surveys completed, tagging and tracking studies commenced to provide detailed information on movements and improved population estimates...