... scats fell through the wire and were exposed to soil and litter. All trap samples were collected within 12 h of defecation. Trapping was permitted under the University of New England Animal Ethics Committee permit number AEC18-065. The scats from the remaining species of animals were collected when...

.... Long work hours are expected, often at remote and challenging field locations, and so a driving interest in the questions you are asking is crucial if you are to follow a research path. Standing up to your knees in snow at -40°C while waiting Figure 1b. AM waiting for muskoxen to defecate a data point...

... have defecated, thereby providing a more effective inoculum than a few dispersed spores (Trappe and Claridge 2005). Hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungi are richly diverse in Australia, with perhaps more than 2000 species, although many of these remain undescribed (Bougher and Lebel 2001). Eastern...

... individuals (e.g. collecting scats after witnessing the animal defecate), or from unknown individuals (e.g. collected from the landscape). The clear advantage of this approach is the opportunity for research to occur in remote areas or on endangered species without the need for direct human contact...

... was observed from a distance until it defecated. Once defecation occurred, the faecal sample was visually located and collected in a zip-lock bag, and stored on ice for up to 4 h before being placed in long-term storage at -20° C for subsequent enzyme immune-assay to determine FGM concentrations. FGMs were...

... deposition, since the pattern of deposition is far from uniform and their interpretation ignores the not uncommon situation that when P. cinereus defecate they do so whilst on lateral branches away from the trunk. Phillips & Callaghan (2011) correctly draw attention to the problems of accumulated faecal...

... to shooters several hundred metres away. Even their defecation could also be heard from a far distance, especially when the pigeons had fed on fruits with large seeds (e.g. Cabbage Tree Palm Livistona australis) (Waterhouse 2001). To Frith (1952), the sound of excreted seeds pelting onto the undergrowth...

... fragments per slide provides an adequate estimate of major components in a particular sample and provides the opportunity to evaluate more samples for a particular level of input. Buetel (1990) observed a tendency for koalas to defecate once aroused. However, the relationship between activity and patterns...

... the passing of faecal material and to determine the lag time from feeding observations to defecation (Williamson and Cameron 1976). Strings of faecal pellets were expelled within 8 hours and were easily differentiated from the white paper waste. Pellets were preserved in 70% ethanol. Once the preliminary...

... 18S rRNA (not shown), square brackets indicate GenBank accessions, sequences from this study are highlighted in bold. 2024 AuZstoraolilaongist volume 44 (1) 239 Simpson et al. move between urban and bushland habitats and likely consume gastropods (intermediate host of Angiostrongylus) and defecate...

... was cracked, partly broken or deformed. The presence of moss or fungus did not affect whether a pellet was considered to be intact or otherwise. We defined a pellet group as intact pellets voided in the same defecation event, and was determined by appearance (i.e., size, shape, and colour) (Baddeley 1985...

..., Northern Brown Bandicoots and Common Brushtail Possums both appear to be attracted to the odour of the Tiger Quoll. Tiger Quolls use scats in scent marking, often defecating in communal latrines (Kruuk and Jarman 1995). Latrine sites would represent particularly dangerous places, with frequent visitation...

... 12 h of defecation. Trapping was permitted under the University of New England Animal Ethics Committee permit number AEC18-065. The scats from the remaining species of animals were collected when found deposited on the ground. The exact age of these samples is unknown since it was not feasible...

... to be a single defecation event. Due to the rapid decomposition of scats at the time of this survey (i.e., high rainfall and insect activity caused removal of scats within hours or days), we did not expect any scats to be more than several days old. Rapid decomposition made scat location difficult, so to bolster...

... and shelter), and the calling sites and egg deposition sites within the water bodies, are likely to be disturbed (Appendix 1). In addition, when cattle walk through wetlands and defecate in them, there is an increase in turbidity and organic load. Despite the very obvious effects that livestock can have...

... study sites. Faecal samples were found in six on-creek sites but were absent in four off-creek sites. From these, twenty- three faecal samples of age I and II were selected for cuticle analysis. The cuticle remains of a feeding event are defecated between 1.5 and 6.5 days later (Sullivan et al. 2003b...

... of the anus (Fig. 18c) indicated the existence of peristaltic movements in the intestine and defecation, and the inter-vertebral spaces were apparent. The distribution of melanistic pigment was characteristic for the species at this time, with between seven and nine large contractile melanophores along...

..., Clearville Road Uki, Black Been Road Upper Wilson s Creek, Sandy Creek Bridge Bungawalbin, Simpson Creek, Brunswick Heads, Eureka, Maclean s Ridges. Huonbrook, 7/10/1997, Noel, defecates in same place each night; 18/11/1997, Jan Sinclair, often seen near Hogan s Scrub N.R.; 20/11/2003, Len Roser, Bonalbo...

... larger, lower opening may have been developed more than 50 metres away in the opposite direction. Most of the millions of bones accumulated in this cave appear to have been brought in by carnivorous megadermatid bats which dropped uneaten bits and defecated the indigestible teeth and bones to the floor...