In comparison to other joints in the human body, the shoulder complex is particularly reliant on the coordination of active muscle forces to generate both movement and stability during activities using the upper extremities. The resultant imbalance of muscle forces across the shoulder, coupled with the increased reliance on the shoulder for functional mobility, puts the individual with tetraplegia at great risk for developing shoulder pathology. The ability to quantify the movement of the shoulder, and in particular the sequence of shoulder complex movement components within functional tasks, can provide information to better inform clinical and surgical decision making. In this article, we will discuss the impact of tetraplegia on shoulder biomechanics and function, provide an overview of general principles and current status of kinematic modeling of the shoulder complex, and describe emerging applications of quantitative motion analysis of the shoulder complex.
McClure PW, Michener LA, Sennett BJ, Karduna AR. Direct 3-dimensional measurement of scapular kinematics during dynamic movements in vivo. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2001;10(3):269–277.
,
Direct 3-dimensional measurement of scapular kinematics during dynamic movements in vivo
, J Shoulder Elbow Surg.
, vol. 10
(pg. 269
-277
) Karduna AR, McClure PW, Michener LA, Sennett B. Dynamic measurements of threedimensional scapular kinematics: a validation study. J Biomech Eng. 2001;123(2):184–190.
,
Dynamic measurements of threedimensional scapular kinematics: a validation study
, J Biomech Eng.
, vol. 123
(pg. 184
-190
) Duff SV, Dayanidhi S, Kozin SH. Asymmetrical shoulder kinematics in children with brachial plexus birth palsy. Clin Biomech. 2007;22(6):630–638. Epub 2007 Apr 6.
,
Asymmetrical shoulder kinematics in children with brachial plexus birth palsy
, Clin Biomech.
, vol. 22
(pg. 630
-638
) Boninger M, ed. Outcomes following traumatic spinal cord injury. In: Clinical Practice Guidelines for Health-Care Professionals. Washington, DC: Consortium for Spinal Cord Medicine, Paralyzed Veterans of America; July 2005.
Wu G, et al. ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion—Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand. J Biomech. 2005;38:981–992.
,
ISB recommendation on definitions of joint coordinate systems of various joints for the reporting of human joint motion—Part II: shoulder, elbow, wrist and hand
, J Biomech.
, vol. 38
(pg. 981
-992
) Rab G, Petuskey K, Bagley A. A method for determination of upper extremity kinematics. Gait Posture. 2002;15(2):113–119.
,
A method for determination of upper extremity kinematics
, Gait Posture.
, vol. 15
(pg. 113
-119
) Gamage SS, Lasenby J. New least squares solutions for estimating the average centre of rotation and the axis of rotation. J Biomech. 2002;35(1):87–93.
,
New least squares solutions for estimating the average centre of rotation and the axis of rotation
, J Biomech.
, vol. 35
(pg. 87
-93
) Rau G, Disselhorst-Klug C, Schmidt R. Movement biomechanics goes upwards: from the leg to the arm. J Biomech. 2000;33(10):1207–1216.
,
Movement biomechanics goes upwards: from the leg to the arm
, J Biomech.
, vol. 33
(pg. 1207
-1216
) Mosqueda T, James MA, Petuskey K, Bagley A, Abdala E, Rab G. Kinematic assessment of the upper extremity in brachial plexus birth palsy. J Pediatr Orthop. 2004;24(6):695–699.
,
Kinematic assessment of the upper extremity in brachial plexus birth palsy
, J Pediatr Orthop.
, vol. 24
(pg. 695
-699
) Ludewig PM, Cook TM. Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement. Phys Ther. 2000;80(3):276–291.
,
Alterations in shoulder kinematics and associated muscle activity in people with symptoms of shoulder impingement
, Phys Ther.
, vol. 80
(pg. 276
-291
) Petuskey K, Bagley A, Abdala E, James MA, Rab G. Upper extremity kinematics during functional activities: three-dimensional studies in a normal pediatric population. Gait Posture. 2007;25(4):573–579. Epub 2006 Jul 27.
,
Upper extremity kinematics during functional activities: three-dimensional studies in a normal pediatric population
, Gait Posture.
, vol. 25
(pg. 573
-579
) Pearl M, Harris R, Lippitt S, Sidles J, Harryman D, Matsen F. A system for describing the positions of the humerus relative to the thorax and its use in the presentations of several functionally important arm positions. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 1992;1:113–118.
,
A system for describing the positions of the humerus relative to the thorax and its use in the presentations of several functionally important arm positions
, J Shoulder Elbow Surg.
, vol. 1
(pg. 113
-118
) Cheng P. A spherical rotation coordinate system for the description of three dimensional joint rotations. Ann Biomed Eng. 2000;28:1381–1392.
,
A spherical rotation coordinate system for the description of three dimensional joint rotations
, Ann Biomed Eng.
, vol. 28
(pg. 1381
-1392
) Cheng P, Nicol A, Paul J. Determination of axial rotation angles of limb segments - a new method. J Biomech. 2000;33:837–843.
,
Determination of axial rotation angles of limb segments - a new method
, J Biomech.
, vol. 33
(pg. 837
-843
) Cheng P. Joint rotation between two attitudes in the spherical rotation co-ordinate system. J Biomech. 2004;37:1475–1482.
,
Joint rotation between two attitudes in the spherical rotation co-ordinate system
, J Biomech.
, vol. 37
(pg. 1475
-1482
) Doorenbosch CA, Harlaar J, Veeger DH. The globe system: an unambiguous description of shoulder positions in daily life movements. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2003;40(2):147–155.
,
The globe system: an unambiguous description of shoulder positions in daily life movements
, J Rehabil Res Dev.
, vol. 40
(pg. 147
-155
) Newsam CJ, Rao SS, Mulroy SJ, Gronley JK, Bontrager EL, Perry J. Three dimensional upper extremity motion during manual wheelchair propulsion in men with different levels of spinal cord injury. Gait Posture. 1999;10(3):223–232.
,
Three dimensional upper extremity motion during manual wheelchair propulsion in men with different levels of spinal cord injury
, Gait Posture.
, vol. 10
(pg. 223
-232
) Hicks JL, Richards JG. Clinical applicability of using spherical fitting to find hip joint centers. Gait Posture. 2005;22(2):138–145.
,
Clinical applicability of using spherical fitting to find hip joint centers
, Gait Posture.
, vol. 22
(pg. 138
-145
) Rowe CR, Hendryson IE, Heck CV. Measuring and Recording of Joint Motion. Rosemont, IL: American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; 1962.
Jebson RH, Taylor N, Trieschmann RB, Trotter MJ, Howard LA. An objective and standardized test of hand function. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1969;50:311–319.
,
An objective and standardized test of hand function
, Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol. 50
(pg. 311
-319
) Wesdock K, Masiello G, Rasnake ER, Blair S, Sharps C. Validation of a clinically useful kinematic model for upper limb motion analysis in hemiplegic cerebral palsy and brachial plexus palsy. Gait Posture. 2006;24(Suppl 2):S239–S241.
,
Validation of a clinically useful kinematic model for upper limb motion analysis in hemiplegic cerebral palsy and brachial plexus palsy
, Gait Posture.
, vol. 24
(pg. S239
-S241
) Mallet J. Paralysie obstetricale du plexus brachial symposium: traitement des sepuelles: primaute du traitement de l’epaule: methode d’expression des resultats. Rev Chir Orthop. 1972;58:166–168.
,
Paralysie obstetricale du plexus brachial symposium: traitement des sepuelles: primaute du traitement de l’epaule: methode d’expression des resultats
, Rev Chir Orthop.
, vol. 58
(pg. 166
-168
) Kukke S, Triolo R. The effects of trunk stimulation on bimanual seated workspace. Trans Neural Systems Rehabil Eng. 2004;12:177–185.
,
The effects of trunk stimulation on bimanual seated workspace
, Trans Neural Systems Rehabil Eng.
, vol. 12
(pg. 177
-185
) Sison-Williamson M, Bagley A, Hongo A, Vogel L, Mulcahey MJ, Betz RB, McDonald CM. Effect of thoracolumbosacral orthoses on reachable workspace volumes in children with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2007;30:s184–s191.
,
Effect of thoracolumbosacral orthoses on reachable workspace volumes in children with spinal cord injury
, J Spinal Cord Med.
, vol. 30
(pg. s184
-s191
) Gutierrez-Farewik E, Munaretto J, Ponten E. Towards a new protocol for motion analysis of the upper extremities in hemiplegic cerebral palsy. In: Abstracts of the 1st Joint ESMAC/GCMAS Meeting, 2006:96–97.
Barber CB, Dobkin DP, Huhdanpaa, H. The Quickhull algorithm for convex hulls. ACM Trans Mathematical Software. 1996;22:469–483.
,
The Quickhull algorithm for convex hulls
, ACM Trans Mathematical Software
, vol. 22
(pg. 469
-483
) Holzbaur KR, Murray WM, Delp SL. A model of the upper extremity for simulating musculoskeletal surgery and analyzing neuromuscular control. Ann Biomed Eng. 2005;33(6):829–840.
,
A model of the upper extremity for simulating musculoskeletal surgery and analyzing neuromuscular control
, Ann Biomed Eng.
, vol. 33
(pg. 829
-840
)
This content is only available as a PDF.
