Individuals with infection-related spinal cord injury comprise a significant subset of nontraumatic SCI and SCI-related rehabilitation admissions. They tend to be older and have a greater incidence of paraplegic injuries (secondary to predominance of thoracolumbar locations) than their traumatic counterparts. Common causes and pathogens (vertebral osteomyelitis, epidural abscess, HIV-related infections, spinal tuberculosis, syphilis, and acute transverse myelitis) will be discussed along with clinical signs and presenting symptoms, laboratory and radiographic diagnostic testing, medical and surgical treatment, and rehabilitation.

McKinley W. Nontraumatic spinal cord injury. In: Kirshblum S, Delisa J, eds. Spinal Cord Medicine. Philadelphia: Lippincott; 2002:471–479.
,
Spinal Cord Medicine
,
Nontraumatic spinal cord injury
(pg.
471
-
479
)
Grammatico L, Baron S, Rusch E, et al. Epidemiology of vertebral ostemyelitis (VO) in France: Analysis of hospital-discharge data 2002–2003. Epidemiol Infect. 2007;14:1–8.
,
Epidemiology of vertebral ostemyelitis (VO) in France: Analysis of hospital-discharge data 2002–2003
,
Epidemiol Infect
, vol.
14
(pg.
1
-
8
)
Carragee EJ, Kim D, van der Vlugt T, Vittum D. The clinical use of erythrocyte sedimentation rate in pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. Spine. 1997;22(18):2089–2093.
,
The clinical use of erythrocyte sedimentation rate in pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis
,
Spine
, vol.
22
(pg.
2089
-
2093
)
Sapico FL, Montgomerie JZ. Vertebral osteomyelitis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 1990;3:539–550.
,
Vertebral osteomyelitis
,
Infect Dis Clin North Am.
, vol.
3
(pg.
539
-
550
)
Malawski SK, Lukawski S. Pyogenic infection of the spine. Clin Orthop and Rel Res. 1991;272:58–66.
,
Pyogenic infection of the spine
,
Clin Orthop and Rel Res.
, vol.
272
(pg.
58
-
66
)
Calderone RR, Larsen JM. Overview and classification of spinal infections. Orthop Clin North Am. 1996;1:1–8.
,
Overview and classification of spinal infections
,
Orthop Clin North Am.
, vol.
1
(pg.
1
-
8
)
Sundararaj GD, Babu N, Amritanand R, et al. Treatment of haematogenous pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis by single-state anterior debridement, grafting of the defect and posterior instrumentation. J Bone Joint Surg [Br]. 2007;89(9):1201–1205.
,
Treatment of haematogenous pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis by single-state anterior debridement, grafting of the defect and posterior instrumentation
,
J Bone Joint Surg [Br].
, vol.
89
(pg.
1201
-
1205
)
McHenry MC, Easley KA, Locker GA. Vertebral osteomyelitis: Long-term outcome for 253 patients from 7 Cleveland-area hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:1342–1350.
,
Vertebral osteomyelitis: Long-term outcome for 253 patients from 7 Cleveland-area hospitals
,
Clin Infect Dis.
, vol.
34
(pg.
1342
-
1350
)
Swanson AN, Pappou IP, Cammisa FP, Girardi FP. Chronic infections of the spine: Surgical indications and treatments. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 2006;444:100–106.
,
Chronic infections of the spine: Surgical indications and treatments
,
Clin Orthop Rel Res.
, vol.
444
(pg.
100
-
106
)
Chelsom J, Solberg CO. Vertebral osteomyelitis at a Norwegian university hospital 1987-97: Clinical features, laboratory findings, and outcome. Scand J Infect Dis. 1998;30(2):147–151.
,
Vertebral osteomyelitis at a Norwegian university hospital 1987-97: Clinical features, laboratory findings, and outcome
,
Scand J Infect Dis.
, vol.
30
(pg.
147
-
151
)
Carragee EJ. Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis. J Bone Joint Surg [Am]. 1997;79-A:874–880.
,
Pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis
,
J Bone Joint Surg [Am].
, vol.
79-A
(pg.
874
-
880
)
Dimar JR, Carreon LY, Glassman SD, Campbell MJ, Hartman MJ, Johnson JR. Treatment of pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis with anterior debridement and fusion followed by delayed posterior spinal fusion. Spine. 2004;29(3):326–332.
,
Treatment of pyogenic vertebral osteomyelitis with anterior debridement and fusion followed by delayed posterior spinal fusion
,
Spine
, vol.
29
(pg.
326
-
332
)
LePage LL, Feydy A, Rillardon L, et al. Spinal tuberculosis: A longitudinal study with clinical, laboratory, and imaging outcomes. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2006:36:124–129.
,
Spinal tuberculosis: A longitudinal study with clinical, laboratory, and imaging outcomes
,
Semin Arthritis Rheum
, vol.
36
(pg.
124
-
129
)
Moon MS, Moon JL, Moon YW, et al. Pott’s paraplegia in patients with severely deformed dorsal or dorsolumbar spines: Treatment and prognosis. Spinal Cord. 2003;41:164–171.
,
Pott’s paraplegia in patients with severely deformed dorsal or dorsolumbar spines: Treatment and prognosis
,
Spinal Cord
, vol.
41
(pg.
164
-
171
)
Ludwig B, Lazarus AA. Musculoskeletal tuberculosis. Disease Month. 2007;53:39–45.
,
Musculoskeletal tuberculosis
,
Disease Month
, vol.
53
(pg.
39
-
45
)
Metta H, Corti M, Redini L, Yampolsky C, Schtirbu R. Spinal epidural abscess due to mycobacterium tuberculosis in a patient with AIDS; case report and review of the literature. Braz J Infect Dis. 2006;10(2):146–148.
,
Spinal epidural abscess due to mycobacterium tuberculosis in a patient with AIDS; case report and review of the literature
,
Braz J Infect Dis.
, vol.
10
(pg.
146
-
148
)
Dobson J. Tuberculosis of the spine. J Bone Joint Surg. 1951;33B(4):517–531.
,
Tuberculosis of the spine
,
J Bone Joint Surg.
, vol.
33B
(pg.
517
-
531
)
Kiymaz N, Yilmaz N, Demir O. Spinal cord compression from spinal tuberculosis in a child. Ped Neurosurg. 2006;42:180–182.
,
Spinal cord compression from spinal tuberculosis in a child
,
Ped Neurosurg.
, vol.
42
(pg.
180
-
182
)
Jain A. Treatment of tuberculosis of the spine with neurologic complications. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 2002;393:75–84.
,
Treatment of tuberculosis of the spine with neurologic complications
,
Clin Orthop Rel Res.
, vol.
393
(pg.
75
-
84
)
Hsu LSC, Leong JCY. Tuberculosis of the lower cervical spine (C2 to C7): A report on 40 cases. Brit Ed Soc Bone Joint Surg. 1984;66B(1):1–5.
,
Tuberculosis of the lower cervical spine (C2 to C7): A report on 40 cases
,
Brit Ed Soc Bone Joint Surg.
, vol.
66B
(pg.
1
-
5
)
Gautum MP, Karki P, Rijal S, Singh R. Pott’s spine and paraplegia. J Nepal Med Assoc. 2005;44(159):106–115.
,
Pott’s spine and paraplegia
,
J Nepal Med Assoc.
, vol.
44
(pg.
106
-
115
)
Turgut M. Spinal tuberculosis (Pott’s disease): Its clinical presentation, surgical management, and outcome. A survey study on 694 patients. Neurosurg Rev. 2001;24(1):8–13.
,
Spinal tuberculosis (Pott’s disease): Its clinical presentation, surgical management, and outcome. A survey study on 694 patients
,
Neurosurg Rev.
, vol.
24
(pg.
8
-
13
)
Wasay M, Arif H, Khealani B, Ahsan H. Neuroimaging of tuberculosis myelitis: Analysis of ten cases and review of literature. J Neuroimaging. 2006;16(3):197–205.
,
Neuroimaging of tuberculosis myelitis: Analysis of ten cases and review of literature
,
J Neuroimaging
, vol.
16
(pg.
197
-
205
)
Davidson PT, Horowitz I. Skeletal tuberculosis: A review with patient presentations and discussion. Am J Med. 1970;48(1):77–84.
,
Skeletal tuberculosis: A review with patient presentations and discussion
,
Am J Med.
, vol.
48
(pg.
77
-
84
)
Jain AK, Jena A, Dhammi IK. Correlation of clinical course with MRI in tuberculous myelopathy. Neurol India. 2000;48(2):132–139.
,
Correlation of clinical course with MRI in tuberculous myelopathy
,
Neurol India
, vol.
48
(pg.
132
-
139
)
Moon MS, Ha KY, Sun DH, Moon JL, Moon YW, Chung JH. Pott’s paraplegia—67 cases. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 1996;323:122–128.
,
Pott’s paraplegia—67 cases
,
Clin Orthop Rel Res
, vol.
323
(pg.
122
-
128
)
Nas K, Kemaloglu MS, Cevik R, et al. The results of rehabilitation on motor and functional improvement of spinal tuberculosis. J Bone Spine. 2004;71(4):L312–316.
,
The results of rehabilitation on motor and functional improvement of spinal tuberculosis
,
J Bone Spine
, vol.
71
(pg.
L312
-
316
)
Baker AS, Ojemann RG, Swartz MN, Richardson EP. Spinal epidural abscess. New Engl Med J. 1975;293(10):463–468.
,
Spinal epidural abscess
,
New Engl Med J.
, vol.
293
(pg.
463
-
468
)
Hlavin ML, Kaminski HJ, Ross JS, Ganz E. Spinal epidural abscess. Neurosurgery. 1990;27(2):177–184.
,
Spinal epidural abscess
,
Neurosurgery
, vol.
27
(pg.
177
-
184
)
Curry WT, Hoh BL, Amin-Hanjani S, Eskandar EN. Spinal epidural abscess: Clinical presentation, management, and outcome. Surg Neurology. 2005;63:364–371.
,
Spinal epidural abscess: Clinical presentation, management, and outcome
,
Surg Neurology
, vol.
63
(pg.
364
-
371
)
Savage K, Holtom PD, Zalavras CG. Spinal epidural abscess: Early clinical outcome in patients treated medically. Clin Orthop Rel Res. 2005;439:56–60.
,
Spinal epidural abscess: Early clinical outcome in patients treated medically
,
Clin Orthop Rel Res.
, vol.
439
(pg.
56
-
60
)
Siddiq F, Chowfin A, Tight R, Sahmoun AE, Smego RA. Medical vs. surgical management of spinal epidural abscess. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:2409–2412.
,
Medical vs. surgical management of spinal epidural abscess
,
Arch Intern Med.
, vol.
164
(pg.
2409
-
2412
)
Khanna R, Malik G, Rock JP, Rosenblum ML. Spinal epidural abscess: Evaluation of factors influencing outcome. Neurosurgery. 1993;39(5):958–964.
,
Spinal epidural abscess: Evaluation of factors influencing outcome
,
Neurosurgery
, vol.
39
(pg.
958
-
964
)
Akalan N, Ozgen T. Infection as a cause of spinal cord compression: A review of 36 spinal epidural abscess cases. Acta Neurochir. 2000;142(1):17–23.
,
Infection as a cause of spinal cord compression: A review of 36 spinal epidural abscess cases
,
Acta Neurochir
, vol.
142
(pg.
17
-
23
)
Reihsaus E, Waldbaur H, Seeling W. Spinal epidural abscess: A meta-analysis of 915 patients. Neurosurg Rev. 2000;232:175–204.
,
Spinal epidural abscess: A meta-analysis of 915 patients
,
Neurosurg Rev.
, vol.
232
(pg.
175
-
204
)
Sendi P, Bregenzer T, Zimmerli W. Spinal epidural abscess in clinical practice. Q J Med. 2008;101(1):1–12.
,
Spinal epidural abscess in clinical practice
,
Q J Med.
, vol.
101
(pg.
1
-
12
)
Alvarez M. Spinal epidural abscess—from onset to rehabilitation: Case study. J Neurosci Nurs. 2005;37(2):72–78.
,
Spinal epidural abscess—from onset to rehabilitation: Case study
,
J Neurosci Nurs.
, vol.
37
(pg.
72
-
78
)
Desai KL, Muzumdar DP, Goel A. Holocord intramedullary abscess: An unusual case with review of literature. Spinal Cord. 1999;37:866–870.
,
Holocord intramedullary abscess: An unusual case with review of literature
,
Spinal Cord
, vol.
37
(pg.
866
-
870
)
Rust TM, Kohan S, Steel T, Lonergan R. CT guided aspiration of a cervical spinal epidural abscess. J Clin Neurosci. 2005;12(4):453–456.
,
CT guided aspiration of a cervical spinal epidural abscess
,
J Clin Neurosci.
, vol.
12
(pg.
453
-
456
)
Zafonte RD, Ricker JH, Hanks RA, Wood DL, Amin A, Lombard L. Spinal epidural abscess: Study of early outcome. J Spinal Cord Med. 2003;26:345–351.
,
Spinal epidural abscess: Study of early outcome
,
J Spinal Cord Med.
, vol.
26
(pg.
345
-
351
)
McKinley W, Merrell C, Meade M, Brooke K, DiNicola A. Rehabilitation outcomes after infection- related spinal cord disease. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;87:275–280.
,
Rehabilitation outcomes after infection- related spinal cord disease
,
Am J Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
87
(pg.
275
-
280
)
Imam I. The neurology of HIV infection—a review of the literature. Niger J Med. 2005;14(2):121–131.
,
The neurology of HIV infection—a review of the literature
,
Niger J Med.
, vol.
14
(pg.
121
-
131
)
Shuh M, Beilke M. The human T-cell leukemia virus type I: New insights into the clinical aspects and molecular pathogenesis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy. Micro Res Tech. 2005;68:176–196.
,
The human T-cell leukemia virus type I: New insights into the clinical aspects and molecular pathogenesis of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-associated myelopathy
,
Micro Res Tech.
, vol.
68
(pg.
176
-
196
)
Jerez P, Palao A, Leiva C. HIHV myelopathy as the presenting symptom of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Rev Neurol. 1998;26(154):1008–1010.
,
HIHV myelopathy as the presenting symptom of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
,
Rev Neurol.
, vol.
26
(pg.
1008
-
1010
)
Petito CK, Navia BA, Cho ES, Jordan BD, George DC, Price RW. Vacuolar myelopathy pathologically resembling subacute combined degeneration in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. New Engl J Med. 1985;312(14):874–879.
,
Vacuolar myelopathy pathologically resembling subacute combined degeneration in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
,
New Engl J Med.
, vol.
312
(pg.
874
-
879
)
McArthur JC, Brew BJ, Nath A. Neurological complications of HIV infection. Lancet Neurol. 2005;4:543–555.
,
Neurological complications of HIV infection
,
Lancet Neurol.
, vol.
4
(pg.
543
-
555
)
Di Rocco A. Diseases of the spinal cord in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Semin Neurol. 1999;19(2):151–155.
,
Diseases of the spinal cord in human immunodeficiency virus infection
,
Semin Neurol.
, vol.
19
(pg.
151
-
155
)
Uthman OA, Uthman RT. What do we currently know about treatment of AIDS-related myelopathy? Neurol Asia. 2007;12:77–80.
,
What do we currently know about treatment of AIDS-related myelopathy?
,
Neurol Asia
, vol.
12
(pg.
77
-
80
)
Jay CA. Treatment of neurosyphilis. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2006;8:185–192.
,
Treatment of neurosyphilis
,
Curr Treat Options Neurol.
, vol.
8
(pg.
185
-
192
)
Mahmoudi R, Maheut-Bosser B, Hanesse FP. Neurosyphilis: A rare cause of dementia. L Revue de medicine interne. 2006;27:976–978.
,
Neurosyphilis: A rare cause of dementia
,
L Revue de medicine interne
, vol.
27
(pg.
976
-
978
)
Kohler CG, Pickholtz J, Ballas C. Neurosyphilis presenting as schizophrenialike psychosis. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol. 2000;13(4):297–302.
,
Neurosyphilis presenting as schizophrenialike psychosis
,
Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol.
, vol.
13
(pg.
297
-
302
)
Pavlovic DM, Milovic AM. Clinical characteristics and therapy of neurosyphilis in patients who are negative for human immunodeficiency virus. Srp Arh Celok Lek. 1999;127(7–8):236–240.
,
Clinical characteristics and therapy of neurosyphilis in patients who are negative for human immunodeficiency virus
,
Srp Arh Celok Lek
, vol.
127
(pg.
236
-
240
)
Katz DA, Berger JR, Duncan RC. Neurosyphilis. A comparative study of the effects of infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Arch Neurol. 1993;50(3):243–249.
,
Neurosyphilis. A comparative study of the effects of infection with human immunodeficiency virus
,
Arch Neurol.
, vol.
50
(pg.
243
-
249
)
Silber MH. Syphilitic myelopathy. Genitourin Med. 1989;65(5):338–341.
,
Syphilitic myelopathy
,
Genitourin Med.
, vol.
65
(pg.
338
-
341
)
Steimle R, Jacquet G, Wehbi M, Sauvageot M, Lecuyer F. Paraplegia with a cauda equina syndrome due to stenosis of the spinal canal caused by tabes arthropathy. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1978;40(3-4):323–333.
,
Paraplegia with a cauda equina syndrome due to stenosis of the spinal canal caused by tabes arthropathy
,
Acta Neurochir (Wien)
, vol.
40
(pg.
323
-
333
)
Schiller F. Staggering gait in medical history. Ann Neurol. 1995;37(1):127–135.
,
Staggering gait in medical history
,
Ann Neurol.
, vol.
37
(pg.
127
-
135
)
Cole MJ, Perry KR, Parry JV. Comparative evaluation of 15 serological assays for the detection of syphilis infection. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2007;26:705–713.
,
Comparative evaluation of 15 serological assays for the detection of syphilis infection
,
Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis.
, vol.
26
(pg.
705
-
713
)
Merritt HH, Adams RD, Solomon HC. Neurosyphilis. New York: Oxford University Press; 1946.
,
Neurosyphilis
Vinci P. Gait rehabilitation in a patient affected with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with pyramidal and cerebellar features and blindness. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(5):762–765.
,
Gait rehabilitation in a patient affected with Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease associated with pyramidal and cerebellar features and blindness
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
84
(pg.
762
-
765
)
Krebs DE, McGibbon CA, Goldvasser D. Analysis of postural perturbation responses. IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng. 2001;9(1):76–80.
,
Analysis of postural perturbation responses
,
IEEE Trans Neural Syst Rehabil Eng.
, vol.
9
(pg.
76
-
80
)
Berman M, Feldman S, Alter M, Zilber N, Kahana E. Acute transverse myelitis: Incidence and etiologic considerations. Neurology. 1981;31(8):966–971.
,
Acute transverse myelitis: Incidence and etiologic considerations
,
Neurology
, vol.
31
(pg.
966
-
971
)
Jeffery DR, Mandler RN, Davis LE. Transverse myelitis. Retrospective analysis of 33 cases, with differentiation of cases associated with multiple sclerosis and parainfectious events. Arch Neurol. 1993;50(5):532–535.
,
Transverse myelitis. Retrospective analysis of 33 cases, with differentiation of cases associated with multiple sclerosis and parainfectious events
,
Arch Neurol.
, vol.
50
(pg.
532
-
535
)
D’Cruz DP, Mellor-Pita S, Joven B, et al. Transverse myelitis as the first manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus or lupuslike disease: Good functional outcome and relevance of antiphospholipid antibodies. J Rheumatol. 2004;31(2):280–285.
,
Transverse myelitis as the first manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus or lupuslike disease: Good functional outcome and relevance of antiphospholipid antibodies
,
J Rheumatol.
, vol.
31
(pg.
280
-
285
)
Bruna J, Martinez-Yelamos S, Martinez-Yelamos A, Rubio F, Arbizu T. Idiopathic acute transverse myelitis: A clinical study and prognostic markers in 45 cases. Mult Sclerosis. 2006;12:169–173.
,
Idiopathic acute transverse myelitis: A clinical study and prognostic markers in 45 cases
,
Mult Sclerosis
, vol.
12
(pg.
169
-
173
)
Barontini F, Cionini L, Maurri S, Groppi C, Sita D. Late myelopathy caused by ionizing radiation. Considerations on 3 cases. Riv Patol Nerv Ment. 1984;105(3):119–126.
,
Late myelopathy caused by ionizing radiation. Considerations on 3 cases
,
Riv Patol Nerv Ment
, vol.
105
(pg.
119
-
126
)
Hughes M, Ahern V, Kefford R, Boyages J. Paraneoplastic myelopathy at diagnosis in a patient with pathologic stage 1A Hodgkin disease. Cancer. 1992;70(6):1598–1600.
,
Paraneoplastic myelopathy at diagnosis in a patient with pathologic stage 1A Hodgkin disease
,
Cancer
, vol.
70
(pg.
1598
-
1600
)
Transverse Myelitis Consortium Working Group. Proposed diagnostic criteria and nosology of acute transverse myelitis. Neurology. 2002;59(4):499–505.
Murthy JM, Reddy JJ, Meena AK, Kaul S. Acute transverse myelitis: MR characteristics. Neurol India. 1999;47(4):290–293.
,
Acute transverse myelitis: MR characteristics
,
Neurol India
, vol.
47
(pg.
290
-
293
)
El Otmani H, Rafai MA, Moutaouakil F, et al. Devic’s neuromyelitis optica in Morocco. A study of 9-cases. Rev Neurol (Paris). 2005;161(12 Pt 1):1191–1196.
,
Devic’s neuromyelitis optica in Morocco. A study of 9-cases
,
Rev Neurol (Paris)
, vol.
161
(pg.
1191
-
1196
)
Pourhassan A, Shoja MM, Tubbs RS, Sadeghilar A, Kerr D. Acute transverse myelitis secondary to Salmonella paratyphi B infection. Infection. Epub. Sept. 28, 2007.
Baylor P, Garoufi A, Karpathios T, Lutz J, Mogelof J, Moseley D. Transverse myelitis in 2 patients with Bartonella henselae infection (cat scratch disease). Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(4): e42–45.
,
Transverse myelitis in 2 patients with Bartonella henselae infection (cat scratch disease)
,
Clin Infect Dis
, vol.
45
(pg.
e42
-
45
)
Lesca D, Deschamps R, Lubetzki C, Levy R, Assous M. Acute myelitis in Burrelia burgdorferi infection. J Neurol. 2002;249(10):1472–1474.
,
Acute myelitis in Burrelia burgdorferi infection
,
J Neurol
, vol.
249
(pg.
1472
-
1474
)
Majitosaitis V, Vaitkus A, Pauza V, Valiukeviciene S, Gleizniene R. Neurosyphilis manifesting as spinal transverse myelitis. Medicina (Kaunas). 2006:42(5):401–405.
,
Neurosyphilis manifesting as spinal transverse myelitis
,
Medicina (Kaunas)
, vol.
42
(pg.
401
-
405
)
Pidcock FS, Krishnan C, Crawford TO, Salorio CF, Trovato M, Kerr DA. Acute transverse myelitis in childhood: Center-based analysis of 47 cases. Neurology. 2007;68(18):1447–1449.
,
Acute transverse myelitis in childhood: Center-based analysis of 47 cases
,
Neurology
, vol.
68
(pg.
1447
-
1449
)
Farkkila M, Tiainen T, Koskiniemi M. Epidemiology and prognosis of acute myelitis in Southern Finland. J Neurol Sci. 1997;152(2):140–146.
,
Epidemiology and prognosis of acute myelitis in Southern Finland
,
J Neurol Sci.
, vol.
152
(pg.
140
-
146
)
Misra UK, Kalita J, Kumar S. A clinical, MRI and neurophysiological study of acute transverse myelitis. J Neurol Sci. 1996;138(1–2):150–156.
,
A clinical, MRI and neurophysiological study of acute transverse myelitis
,
J Neurol Sci.
, vol.
138
(pg.
150
-
156
)
Kalita J, Shah S, Kapoor R, Misra UK. Bladder dysfunction in acute transverse myelitis: Magnetic resonance imaging and neurophysiological and urodynamic correlations. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2002;73(2):154–159.
,
Bladder dysfunction in acute transverse myelitis: Magnetic resonance imaging and neurophysiological and urodynamic correlations
,
J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
, vol.
73
(pg.
154
-
159
)
O’Riordan JI, Thompson AJ, Kingsley DP, et al. The prognostic value of brain MRI in clinically isolated syndromes of the CNS. A 10-year follow- up. Brain. 1998;121(Pt 3):495–503.
,
The prognostic value of brain MRI in clinically isolated syndromes of the CNS. A 10-year follow- up
,
Brain
, vol.
121
(pg.
495
-
503
)
Perini P, Calabrese M, Ranzato F, Tiberio M, Gallo P. Cerebrospinal fluid examination in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory myelopathies. Neurol Sci. 2001;22(Suppl 2): S65–68.
,
Cerebrospinal fluid examination in the differential diagnosis of inflammatory myelopathies
,
Neurol Sci
, vol.
22
(pg.
S65
-
68
)
Sébire G, Hollenberg H, Meyer L, Huault G, Landrieu P, Tardieu M. High dose methylprednisolone in severe acute transverse myelopathy. Arch Dis Child. 1997;76(2):167–168.
,
High dose methylprednisolone in severe acute transverse myelopathy
,
Arch Dis Child
, vol.
76
(pg.
167
-
168
)
Lin PH, Chuang TY, Liao KK, Cheng H, Shih YS. Functional recovery of chronic complete idiopathic transverse myelitis after administration of neurotrophic factors. Spinal Cord. 2006;44(4):254–257.
,
Functional recovery of chronic complete idiopathic transverse myelitis after administration of neurotrophic factors
,
Spinal Cord
, vol.
44
(pg.
254
-
257
)
Dunne K, Hopkins IJ, Shield LK. Acute transverse myelopathy in childhood. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1986;28(2):198–204.
,
Acute transverse myelopathy in childhood
,
Dev Med Child Neurol.
, vol.
28
(pg.
198
-
204
)
Christensen PB, Wermuth L, Hinge HH, Bomers K. Clinical course and long-term prognosis of acute transverse myelopathy. Acta Neurol Scand. 1990;81(5):431–435.
,
Clinical course and long-term prognosis of acute transverse myelopathy
,
Acta Neurol Scand.
, vol.
81
(pg.
431
-
435
)
This content is only available as a PDF.