Purpose: To summarize the core aspects of the research program of the Rehabilitation Research and Training Center on Secondary Conditions in Individuals with SCI. Methods: The research program of the Rehabilitation Research and Training Center (RRTC) involves 3 research studies. To have a cohesive research program on secondary conditions after spinal cord injury (SCI), these studies share several core features and methodologies. All 3 studies were guided by a theoretical model and thus use a core set survey questions in addition to questions based on the goals of the individual study. Conclusion: Integration of the 3 research studies will allow us to identify common risk and protective factors for a wide array of secondary conditions, providing meaningful results that can be used to promote better health, avoid secondary conditions, and enhance longevity.

Krause JS. Secondary conditions and spinal cord injury: a model for prediction and prevention. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 1996;2(2):217-227.
,
Secondary conditions and spinal cord injury: a model for prediction and prevention
,
Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.
, vol.
2
(pg.
217
-
227
)
Krause JS. Factors associated with risk for subsequent injuries after the onset of traumatic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:1503-1508.
,
Factors associated with risk for subsequent injuries after the onset of traumatic spinal cord injury
, vol.
85
(pg.
1503
-
1508
)
DeVivo MJ, Krause JS, Lammertse DP. Recent trends in mortality and causes of death among persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(11):1411-1419.
,
Recent trends in mortality and causes of death among persons with spinal cord injury
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
80
(pg.
1411
-
1419
)
DeVivo MJ, Stover SL. Long term survival and causes of death. In: Stover SL, DeLisa JA, Whiteneck GG, eds. Spinal Cord Injury: Clinical Outcomes From the Model Systems. Gaithersburg, MD: Aspen; 1995:289-316.
,
Long term survival and causes of death. In
,
Spinal Cord Injury: Clinical Outcomes From the Model Systems
(pg.
289
-
316
)
Hoyert, Kochanek, Murphy. Deaths: Final data for 1997. Natl Vital Statistics Rep. 1999;47(19):1-104.
,
Deaths: Final data for 1997
,
Natl Vital Statistics Rep.
, vol.
47
(pg.
1
-
104
)
Krause JS, McArdle JJ, Pickelsimer E, Reed KS. A latent variable structural path model of health behaviors after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32:162-174.
,
A latent variable structural path model of health behaviors after spinal cord injury
,
J Spinal Cord Med.
, vol.
32
(pg.
162
-
174
)
Krause JS, Reed KS, McArdle JJ. A structural analysis of health outcomes after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2010;33(1):22-32.
,
A structural analysis of health outcomes after spinal cord injury
,
J Spinal Cord Med.
, vol.
33
(pg.
22
-
32
)
Krause JS, Carter RE, Pickelsimer E, Wilson D. A prospective study of health and risk of mortality after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89:1482-1491.
,
A prospective study of health and risk of mortality after spinal cord injury
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
89
(pg.
1482
-
1491
)
Krause JS, Carter RE, Pickelsimer E. Behavioral risk factors of mortality after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(1):95-101.
,
Behavioral risk factors of mortality after spinal cord injury
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
90
(pg.
95
-
101
)
Krause JS, Carter RE. Risk of mortality after spinal cord injury: relationship with social support, education, and income. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(8):592-596.
,
Risk of mortality after spinal cord injury: relationship with social support, education, and income
,
Spinal Cord
, vol.
47
(pg.
592
-
596
)
Krause JS, Carter R, Zhai Y, Reed K. Psychologic factors and risk of mortality after spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(4):628-633.
,
Psychologic factors and risk of mortality after spinal cord injury
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
90
(pg.
628
-
633
)
Krause JS, Zhai Y, Saunders LL, Carter RE. Risk of mortality after spinal cord injury: an 8-year prospective study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(10):1708-1715.
,
Risk of mortality after spinal cord injury: an 8-year prospective study
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
90
(pg.
1708
-
1715
)
Zuckerman M, Kuhlman DM, Joireman J, Teta P, Kraft M. A comparison of three structural models for personality, The Big Three, The Big Five and The Alternate Five. J Pers Social Psychol. 1993;65:757-768.
,
A comparison of three structural models for personality, The Big Three, The Big Five and The Alternate Five
,
J Pers Social Psychol.
, vol.
65
(pg.
757
-
768
)
Crumbaugh JC, Maholick LT. An experimental study in existentialism: the psychometric approach to Frankl’s concept of noogenic neurosis. J Clin Psychol. 1964;20:202-207.
,
An experimental study in existentialism: the psychometric approach to Frankl’s concept of noogenic neurosis
,
J Clin Psychol.
, vol.
20
(pg.
202
-
207
)
Crumbaugh JC. Cross-validation of Purpose-In-Life test based on Frankl’s concepts. J Individual Psychol. 1968;24:74-81.
,
Cross-validation of Purpose-In-Life test based on Frankl’s concepts
,
J Individual Psychol.
, vol.
24
(pg.
74
-
81
)
Ewing JA. Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire. JAMA. 1984;252(14):1905-1907.
,
Detecting alcoholism. The CAGE questionnaire
,
JAMA.
, vol.
252
(pg.
1905
-
1907
)
Cherpitel CJ. Comparison of screening instruments for alcohol problems between Black and White emergency room patients from two regions of the country. Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res. 1997;21:1391-1397.
,
Comparison of screening instruments for alcohol problems between Black and White emergency room patients from two regions of the country
,
Alcoholism: Clin Exp Res.
, vol.
21
(pg.
1391
-
1397
)
Cooney NL, Zweben A, Fleming MF. Screening for alcohol problems and at-risk drinking in health-care settings. In: Hester RK, Miller WR, eds. Handbook of Alcoholism Treatment Approaches: Effective Alternatives. 2nd ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon; 1995:45-60.
,
Screening for alcohol problems and at-risk drinking in health-care settings. In
,
Handbook of Alcoholism Treatment Approaches: Effective Alternatives
(pg.
45
-
60
)
Kinney J. Clinical Manual of Substance Abuse. 2nd ed. St. Louis: Mosby-YearBook; 1991.
,
Clinical Manual of Substance Abuse
Hays RD, Merz JF, Nicholas R. Response burden, reliability and validity of the CAGE, short MAST, and AUDIT alcohol screening measures. Behav Res Methods Instruments Computers. 1995;27:277-280.
,
Response burden, reliability and validity of the CAGE, short MAST, and AUDIT alcohol screening measures
,
Behav Res Methods Instruments Computers
, vol.
27
(pg.
277
-
280
)
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System Survey Questionnaire. 2006. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/questionnaires/pdfques/2006brfss.pdf. Accessed July 16, 2009. http://www.cdc.gov/brfss/questionnaires/pdfques/2006brfss.pdf.
Schwarzer R, Schulz U. Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS). 2000. Available at: http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/bsss.htm. Accessed January 22, 2007. http://userpage.fu-berlin.de/~health/bsss.htm
Mellick D, Whiteneck GG, Brooks CA. The Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors. Englewood, CO: Craig Hospital; 1999.
,
The Craig Hospital Inventory of Environmental Factors
Krause JS, Coker J, Charlifue S, Whiteneck GG. Health behaviors among American Indians with spinal cord injury: comparison with data from the 1996 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(11):1435-1440.
,
Health behaviors among American Indians with spinal cord injury: comparison with data from the 1996 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
80
(pg.
1435
-
1440
)
Stein AD, Courval JM, Lederman RI, Shea S. Reproducibility of responses to telephone interviews: demographic predictors of discordance in risk factor status. Am J Epidemiol. 1995;141:1097-1105.
,
Reproducibility of responses to telephone interviews: demographic predictors of discordance in risk factor status
,
Am J Epidemiol.
, vol.
141
(pg.
1097
-
1105
)
Krause JS. Skin sores after spinal cord injury: relationship to life adjustment. Spinal Cord. 1998;36:51-56.
,
Skin sores after spinal cord injury: relationship to life adjustment
,
Spinal Cord
, vol.
36
(pg.
51
-
56
)
Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med (Singapore). 1994;23:129-138.
,
Pain assessment: global use of the Brief Pain Inventory
,
Ann Acad Med (Singapore)
, vol.
23
(pg.
129
-
138
)
Hoffman DL, Friedman M, Colucci S. Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory for patients with osteoarthritis [abstract]. J Pain. 2002;3(suppl 1):3.
,
Validation of the Brief Pain Inventory for patients with osteoarthritis [abstract]
,
J Pain
, vol.
3
Fisk JD, Ritvo PG, Ross L, Haase DA, Marrie TJ, Schlech WF. Measuring the functional impact of fatigue: initial validation of the fatigue impact scale. Clin Infect Dis. 1994;19:S79-S83.
,
Measuring the functional impact of fatigue: initial validation of the fatigue impact scale
,
Clin Infect Dis.
, vol.
19
(pg.
S79
-
S83
)
Mathiowetz V. Test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the Fatigue Impact Scale for persons with multiple sclerosis. Am J Occup Ther. 2003;57:389-395.
,
Test-retest reliability and convergent validity of the Fatigue Impact Scale for persons with multiple sclerosis
,
Am J Occup Ther.
, vol.
57
(pg.
389
-
395
)
Cook KF, Teal CR, Engebretson JC, et al. Development and validation of Patient Reported Impact of Spasticity Measure (PRISM). J Rehabil Res Dev. 2007;44:363-372.
,
Development and validation of Patient Reported Impact of Spasticity Measure (PRISM)
,
J Rehabil Res Dev.
, vol.
44
(pg.
363
-
372
)
Kemp BJ, Adams BM. The Older Adult Health and Mood Questionnaire: a measure of geriatric depressive disorder. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1995;8(3):162-167.
,
The Older Adult Health and Mood Questionnaire: a measure of geriatric depressive disorder
,
J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol.
, vol.
8
(pg.
162
-
167
)
Yesavage JA, Brink TL, Rose TL, et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. J Psychiatric Res. 1983;17:37-49.
,
Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report
,
J Psychiatric Res.
, vol.
17
(pg.
37
-
49
)
Derogatis LR. The Symptom Checklist-90–Revised. Minneapolis, MN: NCS Assessments; 1992.
,
The Symptom Checklist-90–Revised
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JB. The PHQ- 9: validity of a brief depression severity measure. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16(9):606-613.
,
The PHQ- 9: validity of a brief depression severity measure
,
J Gen Intern Med.
, vol.
16
(pg.
606
-
613
)
Bombardier CH, Richards JS, Krause JS, Tulsky D, Tate DG. Symptoms of major depression in people with spinal cord injury: implications for screening. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85(11):1749-1756.
,
Symptoms of major depression in people with spinal cord injury: implications for screening
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
85
(pg.
1749
-
1756
)
Crewe NM, Athelstan GT, Krumberger J. Spinal cord injury: A comparison of preinjury and post injury marriages. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1979;60:252-256.
,
Spinal cord injury: A comparison of preinjury and post injury marriages
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
60
(pg.
252
-
256
)
Krause JS. Dimensions of subjective wellbeing after spinal cord injury: an empirical analysis by gender and race/ethnicity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(8):900-909.
,
Dimensions of subjective wellbeing after spinal cord injury: an empirical analysis by gender and race/ethnicity
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
79
(pg.
900
-
909
)
Krause JS. Intercorrelations between secondary conditions and life adjustment among people with spinal cord injuries. SCI Psychosoc Process. 1998;11:3-7.
,
Intercorrelations between secondary conditions and life adjustment among people with spinal cord injuries
,
SCI Psychosoc Process
, vol.
11
(pg.
3
-
7
)
Krause JS, Anson CA. Self-perceived reasons for unemployment cited by persons with spinal cord injury: relationship to gender, race, age and level of injury. Rehabil Counsel Bull. 1996;39(3):217-227.
,
Self-perceived reasons for unemployment cited by persons with spinal cord injury: relationship to gender, race, age and level of injury
,
Rehabil Counsel Bull.
, vol.
39
(pg.
217
-
227
)
This content is only available as a PDF.