Chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) is associated with an increased prevalence of isolated cardiovascular disease (CVD) risks, risk clustering, and cardiometabolic disease. Long-established risks of abdominal obesity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and impaired glucose tolerance have been commonly reported after SCI, but more recent reports have focused on risks imposed by sustained elevation of proatherogenic inflammatory cytokines. Chronically elevated plasma cytokines are now considered instigators as well as markers of atherogenesis, making both persistent nonspecific subclinical inflammation and inflammatory flares from musculoskeletal disorders, soft tissue injury, and multisite infections relevant to CVD progression after SCI. Various prescription and nonprescription medications effectively reduce the impact of inflammatory cytokines on disease progression in persons without disability who have elevated CVD risks. As some of these agents provide primary and secondary prevention with established cost-effectiveness, these products may have unique utility in effectively managing all-cause CVD after SCI.

atherosclerosis, cardiometabolic risks, cardiovascular diseases, inflammation, spinal cord injuries
Govindarajan G, Whaley-Connell A, Mugo M, Stump C, Sowers JR. The cardiometabolic syndrome as a cardiovascular risk factor. Am J Med Sci. 2005;330(6):311-318.
,
The cardiometabolic syndrome as a cardiovascular risk factor
,
Am J Med Sci.
, vol.
330
(pg.
311
-
318
)
Govindarajan G, Chowdhury N, Flaker G. Atherogenic dyslipidemia in the cardio-metabolic syndrome. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2006;1(2):153-155.
,
Atherogenic dyslipidemia in the cardio-metabolic syndrome
,
J Cardiometab Syndr.
, vol.
1
(pg.
153
-
155
)
Ritchie SA, Connell JM. The link between abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2007;17(4):319-326.
,
The link between abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease
,
Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis.
, vol.
17
(pg.
319
-
326
)
Valle Gottlieb MG, da Cruz IB, Duarte MM, et al. Associations among metabolic syndrome, ischemia, inflammatory, oxidatives, and lipids biomarkers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(2):586-591.
,
Associations among metabolic syndrome, ischemia, inflammatory, oxidatives, and lipids biomarkers
,
J Clin Endocrinol Metab.
, vol.
95
(pg.
586
-
591
)
Ferdinand KC. Management of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as a component of the cardio-metabolic syndrome. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2006;1(2):133-140.
,
Management of cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus as a component of the cardio-metabolic syndrome
,
J Cardiometab Syndr.
, vol.
1
(pg.
133
-
140
)
Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report. Circulation. 2002;106(25):3143-3421.
,
Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III) final report
,
Circulation.
, vol.
106
(pg.
3143
-
3421
)
Wilson PW, Meigs JB. Cardiometabolic risk: a Framingham perspective. Int J Obes (Lond). 2008;32(Suppl 2):S17-20.
,
Cardiometabolic risk: a Framingham perspective
,
Int J Obes (Lond).
, vol.
32
(pg.
S17
-
20
)
Despres JP, Cartier A, Cote M, Arsenault BJ. The concept of cardiometabolic risk: bridging the fields of diabetology and cardiology. Ann Med. 2008;40(7):514-523.
,
The concept of cardiometabolic risk: bridging the fields of diabetology and cardiology
,
Ann Med.
, vol.
40
(pg.
514
-
523
)
Watson KE. Novel therapies for cardio-metabolic risk reduction and implications for clinical practice. Rev Cardiovasc Med. 2007;8(Suppl 4):S37-42.
,
Novel therapies for cardio-metabolic risk reduction and implications for clinical practice
,
Rev Cardiovasc Med.
, vol.
8
(pg.
S37
-
42
)
Nakajima K. Pharmacotherapy of mixed dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome. Curr Clin Pharmacol. 2010;5(2):133-139.
,
Pharmacotherapy of mixed dyslipidemia in the metabolic syndrome
,
Curr Clin Pharmacol.
, vol.
5
(pg.
133
-
139
)
Gonzalez GL, Manrique CM, Sowers JR. High cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes and the cardiometabolic syndrome: mandate for statin therapy. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2006;1(3):178-183.
,
High cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes and the cardiometabolic syndrome: mandate for statin therapy
,
J Cardiometab Syndr.
, vol.
1
(pg.
178
-
183
)
Wu TJ, Ou HY, Chou CW, Hsiao SH, Lin CY, Kao PC. Decrease in inflammatory cardiovascular risk markers in hyperlipidemic diabetic patients treated with fenofibrate. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2007;37(2):158-166.
,
Decrease in inflammatory cardiovascular risk markers in hyperlipidemic diabetic patients treated with fenofibrate
,
Ann Clin Lab Sci.
, vol.
37
(pg.
158
-
166
)
Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk: rationale for screening and primary prevention. Am J Cardiol. 2003;92(4B):17K-22K.
,
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and cardiovascular risk: rationale for screening and primary prevention
,
Am J Cardiol.
, vol.
92
(pg.
17K
-
22K
)
Despres JP. Cardiovascular disease under the influence of excess visceral fat. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2007;6(2):51-59.
,
Cardiovascular disease under the influence of excess visceral fat
,
Crit Pathw Cardiol.
, vol.
6
(pg.
51
-
59
)
Ross R, Bradshaw AJ. The future of obesity reduction: beyond weight loss. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2009;5(6):319-325.
,
The future of obesity reduction: beyond weight loss
,
Nat Rev Endocrinol.
, vol.
5
(pg.
319
-
325
)
Cortez-Dias N, Martins S, Fiuza M. Metabolic syndrome: an evolving concept. Rev Port Cardiol. 2007;26(12):1409-1421.
,
Metabolic syndrome: an evolving concept
,
Rev Port Cardiol.
, vol.
26
(pg.
1409
-
1421
)
Tracy RP. Inflammation, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. Int J Clin Pract Suppl. 2003;(134):10-17.
,
Inflammation, the metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk
,
Int J Clin Pract Suppl.
, vol.
134
(pg.
10
-
17
)
Florez H, Castillo-Florez S, Mendez A, et al. C-reactive protein is elevated in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2006;71(1):92-100.
,
C-reactive protein is elevated in obese patients with the metabolic syndrome
,
Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
, vol.
71
(pg.
92
-
100
)
Pannacciulli N, Cantatore FP, Minenna A, Bellacicco M, Giorgino R, De Pergola G. C-reactive protein is independently associated with total body fat, central fat, and insulin resistance in adult women. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(10):1416-1420.
,
C-reactive protein is independently associated with total body fat, central fat, and insulin resistance in adult women
,
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.
, vol.
25
(pg.
1416
-
1420
)
Festa A, D’Agostino R, Williams K, et al. The relation of body fat mass and distribution to markers of chronic inflammation. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2001;25(10):1407-1415.
,
The relation of body fat mass and distribution to markers of chronic inflammation
,
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.
, vol.
25
(pg.
1407
-
1415
)
Ridker PM, Silvertown JD. Inflammation, C-reactive protein, and atherothrombosis. J Periodontol. 2008;79(8 Suppl):1544-1551.
,
Inflammation, C-reactive protein, and atherothrombosis
,
J Periodontol.
, vol.
79
(pg.
1544
-
1551
)
Wilson AM, Ryan MC, Boyle AJ. The novel role of C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease: risk marker or pathogen. Int J Cardiol. 2006;106(3):291-297.
,
The novel role of C-reactive protein in cardiovascular disease: risk marker or pathogen
,
Int J Cardiol.
, vol.
106
(pg.
291
-
297
)
Visser M, Bouter LM, McQuillan GM, Wener MH, Harris TB. Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults. JAMA. 1999;282(22):2131-2135.
,
Elevated C-reactive protein levels in overweight and obese adults
,
JAMA.
, vol.
282
(pg.
2131
-
2135
)
Leinonen E, Hurt-Camejo E, Wiklund O, Hulten LM, Hiukka A, Taskinen MR. Insulin resistance and adiposity correlate with acute-phase reaction and soluble cell adhesion molecules in type 2 diabetes. Atherosclerosis. 2003;166(2):387-394.
,
Insulin resistance and adiposity correlate with acute-phase reaction and soluble cell adhesion molecules in type 2 diabetes
,
Atherosclerosis.
, vol.
166
(pg.
387
-
394
)
Libby P. Inflammation in atherosclerosis. Nature. 2002;420(6917):868-874.
,
Inflammation in atherosclerosis
,
Nature.
, vol.
420
(pg.
868
-
874
)
Shahar E, Whitney CW, Redline S, et al. Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(1):19-25.
,
Sleep-disordered breathing and cardiovascular disease: cross-sectional results of the Sleep Heart Health Study
,
Am J Respir Crit Care Med.
, vol.
163
(pg.
19
-
25
)
Bauman WA, Spungen AM. Coronary heart disease in individuals with spinal cord injury: assessment of risk factors. Spinal Cord. 2008;46(7):466-476.
,
Coronary heart disease in individuals with spinal cord injury: assessment of risk factors
,
Spinal Cord.
, vol.
46
(pg.
466
-
476
)
Nash MS. Cardiovascular disease after SCI. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2009;14(3):1-104.
,
Nash MS. Cardiovascular disease after SCI
,
Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.
, vol.
14
(pg.
1
-
104
)
Myers J. Cardiovascular disease after SCI: prevalence, instigators, and risk clusters. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2009;14(3):1-14.
,
Cardiovascular disease after SCI: prevalence, instigators, and risk clusters
,
Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.
, vol.
14
(pg.
1
-
14
)
Maruyama Y, Mizuguchi M, Yaginuma T, et al. Serum leptin, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2008;46(7):494-499.
,
Serum leptin, abdominal obesity and the metabolic syndrome in individuals with chronic spinal cord injury
,
Spinal Cord.
, vol.
46
(pg.
494
-
499
)
Manns PJ, McCubbin JA, Williams DP. Fitness, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome in men with paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(6):1176-1181.
,
Fitness, inflammation, and the metabolic syndrome in men with paraplegia
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
86
(pg.
1176
-
1181
)
Nash MS, Mendez AJ. A guideline-driven assessment of need for cardiovascular disease risk intervention in persons with chronic paraplegia. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2007;88(6):751-757.
,
A guideline-driven assessment of need for cardiovascular disease risk intervention in persons with chronic paraplegia
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
88
(pg.
751
-
757
)
Wahman K, Nash, MS, Lewis, JE, Seiger, A, Levi, R. The Stockholm Spinal Cord Injury Study: increased cardiovascular disease risk in Swedish persons with paraplegia. J Rehabil Med. 2010;42(5):489-492.
,
The Stockholm Spinal Cord Injury Study: increased cardiovascular disease risk in Swedish persons with paraplegia
,
J Rehabil Med.
, vol.
42
(pg.
489
-
492
)
Wahman K, Nash, MS, Lewis, JE, Seiger, A, Levi, R. The Stockholm Spinal Cord Injury Study: cardiovascular disease risk factors in persons with paraplegia. J Rehabil Med. 2010;42(3):272-278.
,
Stockholm Spinal Cord Injury Study: cardiovascular disease risk factors in persons with paraplegia
,
J Rehabil Med.
, vol.
42
(pg.
272
-
278
)
Laughton GE, Buchholz AC, Martin Ginis KA, Goy RE. Lowering body mass index cutoffs better identifies obese persons with spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2009;47(10):757-762.
,
Lowering body mass index cutoffs better identifies obese persons with spinal cord injury
,
Spinal Cord.
, vol.
47
(pg.
757
-
762
)
Groah SL, Nash MS, Ljungberg IH, et al. Nutrient intake and body habitus after spinal cord injury: an analysis by sex and level of injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2009;32(1):25-33.
,
Nutrient intake and body habitus after spinal cord injury: an analysis by sex and level of injury
,
J Spinal Cord Med.
, vol.
32
(pg.
25
-
33
)
Jones LM, Legge M, Goulding A. Healthy body mass index values often underestimate body fat in men with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2003;84(7):1068-1071.
,
Healthy body mass index values often underestimate body fat in men with spinal cord injury
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
84
(pg.
1068
-
1071
)
Buchholz AC, Bugaresti JM. A review of body mass index and waist circumference as markers of obesity and coronary heart disease risk in persons with chronic spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord. 2005;43(9):513-518.
,
A review of body mass index and waist circumference as markers of obesity and coronary heart disease risk in persons with chronic spinal cord injury
,
Spinal Cord.
, vol.
43
(pg.
513
-
518
)
Bauman WA, Spungen AM, Zhong YG, Roth-stein JL, Petry C, Gordon SK. Depressed serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in veterans with spinal cord injury. Paraplegia. 1992;30(10):697-703.
,
Depressed serum high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in veterans with spinal cord injury
,
Paraplegia.
, vol.
30
(pg.
697
-
703
)
Brenes G, Dearwater S, Shapera R, LaPorte RE, Collins E. High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in physically active and sedentary spinal cord injured patients. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1986;67(7):445-450.
,
High density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in physically active and sedentary spinal cord injured patients
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
67
(pg.
445
-
450
)
Liang H, Mojtahedi MC, Chen D, Braunschweig CL. Elevated C-reactive protein associated with decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(1):36-41.
,
Elevated C-reactive protein associated with decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in men with spinal cord injury
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
89
(pg.
36
-
41
)
Frost F, Roach MJ, Kushner I, Schreiber P. Inflammatory C-reactive protein and cytokine levels in asymptomatic people with chronic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;86(2):312-317.
,
Inflammatory C-reactive protein and cytokine levels in asymptomatic people with chronic spinal cord injury
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
86
(pg.
312
-
317
)
Lee MY, Myers J, Hayes A, et al. C-reactive protein, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance in individuals with spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2005;28(1):20-25.
,
C-reactive protein, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance in individuals with spinal cord injury
,
J Spinal Cord Med.
, vol.
28
(pg.
20
-
25
)
Li JJ, Fang CH. C-reactive protein is not only an inflammatory marker but also a direct cause of cardiovascular diseases. Med Hypotheses. 2004;62(4):499-506.
,
C-reactive protein is not only an inflammatory marker but also a direct cause of cardiovascular diseases
,
Med Hypotheses.
, vol.
62
(pg.
499
-
506
)
Sugiyama M, Ohashi M, Takase H, Sato K, Ueda R, Dohi Y. Effects of atorvastatin on inflammation and oxidative stress. Heart Vessels. 2005;20(4):133-136.
,
Effects of atorvastatin on inflammation and oxidative stress
,
Heart Vessels.
, vol.
20
(pg.
133
-
136
)
Albert MA, Danielson E, Rifai N, Ridker PM. Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: the pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): a randomized trial and cohort study. JAMA. 2001;286(1):64-70.
,
Effect of statin therapy on C-reactive protein levels: the pravastatin inflammation/CRP evaluation (PRINCE): a randomized trial and cohort study
,
JAMA.
, vol.
286
(pg.
64
-
70
)
Esposito K, Marfella R, Ciotola M, et al. Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2004;292(12):1440-1446.
,
Effect of a mediterranean-style diet on endothelial dysfunction and markers of vascular inflammation in the metabolic syndrome: a randomized trial
,
JAMA.
, vol.
292
(pg.
1440
-
1446
)
Wasicko MJ, Hutt DA, Parisi RA, Neubauer JA, Mezrich R, Edelman NH. The role of vascular tone in the control of upper airway collapsibility. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;141(6):1569-1577.
,
The role of vascular tone in the control of upper airway collapsibility
,
Am Rev Respir Dis.
, vol.
141
(pg.
1569
-
1577
)
Montecucco F, Mach ≯F. Common inflammatory mediators orchestrate pathophysiological processes in rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2009;48(1):11-22.
,
Common inflammatory mediators orchestrate pathophysiological processes in rheumatoid arthritis and atherosclerosis
,
Rheumatology (Oxford).
, vol.
48
(pg.
11
-
22
)
Galkina E, Ley K. Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Immunol. 2009;27:165-197.
,
Immune and inflammatory mechanisms of atherosclerosis
,
Annu Rev Immunol.
, vol.
27
(pg.
165
-
197
)
Klingenberg R, Hansson GK. Treating inflammation in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: emerging therapies. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(23):2838-2844.
,
Treating inflammation in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: emerging therapies
,
Eur Heart J.
, vol.
30
(pg.
2838
-
2844
)
Zernecke A, Weber C. Chemokines in the vascular inflammatory response of atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Res. 2010;86(2):192-201.
,
Chemokines in the vascular inflammatory response of atherosclerosis
,
Cardiovasc Res.
, vol.
86
(pg.
192
-
201
)
Ross R. Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease. N Engl J Med. 1999;340(2):115-126.
,
Atherosclerosis--an inflammatory disease
,
N Engl J Med.
, vol.
340
(pg.
115
-
126
)
Ridker PM. Connecting the role of C-reactive protein and statins in cardiovascular disease. Clin Cardiol. 2003;26(4 Suppl 3):39-44.
,
Connecting the role of C-reactive protein and statins in cardiovascular disease
,
Clin Cardiol.
, vol.
26
(pg.
39
-
44
)
Jialal I, Devaraj S, Venugopal SK. C-reactive protein: risk marker or mediator in atherothrombosis? Hypertension. 2004;44(1):6-11.
,
C-reactive protein: risk marker or mediator in atherothrombosis?
,
Hypertension.
, vol.
44
(pg.
6
-
11
)
Granger JP. Inflammatory cytokines, vascular function, and hypertension. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004;286(6):989-990.
,
Inflammatory cytokines, vascular function, and hypertension
,
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol.
, vol.
286
(pg.
989
-
990
)
Ito T, Ikeda U. Inflammatory cytokines and cardiovascular disease. Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy. 2003;2(3):257-265.
,
Inflammatory cytokines and cardiovascular disease
,
Curr Drug Targets Inflamm Allergy.
, vol.
2
(pg.
257
-
265
)
Sun H, Koike T, Ichikawa T, et al. C-reactive protein in atherosclerotic lesions: its origin and pathophysiological significance. Am J Pathol. 2005;167(4):1139-1148.
,
C-reactive protein in atherosclerotic lesions: its origin and pathophysiological significance
,
Am J Pathol.
, vol.
167
(pg.
1139
-
1148
)
Rao M, Jaber BL, Balakrishnan VS. Inflammatory biomarkers and cardiovascular risk: association or cause and effect? Semin Dial. 2006;19(2):129-135.
,
Inflammatory biomarkers and cardiovascular risk: association or cause and effect?
,
Semin Dial.
, vol.
19
(pg.
129
-
135
)
Glynn RJ, MacFadyen JG, Ridker PM. Tracking of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein after an initially elevated concentration: the JUPITER Study. Clin Chem. 2009;55(2):305-312.
,
Tracking of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein after an initially elevated concentration: the JUPITER Study
,
Clin Chem.
, vol.
55
(pg.
305
-
312
)
Ridker PM. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a predictor of all-cause mortality: implications for research and patient care. Clin Chem. 2008;54(2):234-237.
,
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein as a predictor of all-cause mortality: implications for research and patient care
,
Clin Chem.
, vol.
54
(pg.
234
-
237
)
Grundy SM. Drug therapy of the metabolic syndrome: minimizing the emerging crisis in polypharmacy. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006;5(4):295-309.
,
Drug therapy of the metabolic syndrome: minimizing the emerging crisis in polypharmacy
,
Nat Rev Drug Discov.
, vol.
5
(pg.
295
-
309
)
Pepys MB, Baltz ML. Acute phase proteins with special reference to C-reactive protein and related proteins (pentaxins) and serum amyloid A protein. Adv Immunol. 1983;34:141-212.
,
Acute phase proteins with special reference to C-reactive protein and related proteins (pentaxins) and serum amyloid A protein
,
Adv Immunol.
, vol.
34
(pg.
141
-
212
)
Frohlich M, Imhof A, Berg G, et al. Association between C-reactive protein and features of the metabolic syndrome: a population-based study. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(12):1835-1839.
,
Association between C-reactive protein and features of the metabolic syndrome: a population-based study
,
Diabetes Care.
, vol.
23
(pg.
1835
-
1839
)
Guerrero-Romero F, Rodriguez-Moran M. Relation of C-reactive protein to features of the metabolic syndrome in normal glucose tolerant, impaired glucose tolerant, and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects. Diabetes Metab. 2003;29(1):65-71.
,
Relation of C-reactive protein to features of the metabolic syndrome in normal glucose tolerant, impaired glucose tolerant, and newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic subjects
,
Diabetes Metab.
, vol.
29
(pg.
65
-
71
)
McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Lamendola C, et al. Differentiation between obesity and insulin resistance in the association with C-reactive protein. Circulation. 2002;106(23):2908-2912.
,
Differentiation between obesity and insulin resistance in the association with C-reactive protein
,
Circulation.
, vol.
106
(pg.
2908
-
2912
)
Mojiminiyi OA, Abdella N, Moussa MA, Akanji AO, Al Mohammedi H, Zaki M. Association of C-reactive protein with coronary heart disease risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2002;58(1):37-44.
,
Association of C-reactive protein with coronary heart disease risk factors in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
,
Diabetes Res Clin Pract.
, vol.
58
(pg.
37
-
44
)
Niskanen L, Laaksonen DE, Nyyssonen K, et al. Inflammation, abdominal obesity, and smoking as predictors of hypertension. Hypertension. 2004;44(6):859-865.
,
Inflammation, abdominal obesity, and smoking as predictors of hypertension
,
Hypertension.
, vol.
44
(pg.
859
-
865
)
Bautista LE, Vera LM, Arenas IA, Gamarra G. Independent association between inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and TNF-alpha) and essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2005;19(2):149-154.
,
Independent association between inflammatory markers (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, and TNF-alpha) and essential hypertension
,
J Hum Hypertens.
, vol.
19
(pg.
149
-
154
)
Tamakoshi K, Yatsuya H, Kondo T, et al. The metabolic syndrome is associated with elevated circulating C-reactive protein in healthy reference range, a systemic low-grade inflammatory state. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003;27(4):443-449.
,
The metabolic syndrome is associated with elevated circulating C-reactive protein in healthy reference range, a systemic low-grade inflammatory state
,
Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.
, vol.
27
(pg.
443
-
449
)
Grau AJ, Buggle F, Becher H, Werle E, Hacke W. The association of leukocyte count, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein with vascular risk factors and ischemic vascular diseases. Thromb Res. 1996;82(3):245-255.
,
The association of leukocyte count, fibrinogen and C-reactive protein with vascular risk factors and ischemic vascular diseases
,
Thromb Res.
, vol.
82
(pg.
245
-
255
)
Fredrikson GN, Hedblad B, Nilsson JA, Alm R, Berglund G, Nilsson J. Association between diet, lifestyle, metabolic cardiovascular risk factors, and plasma C-reactive protein levels. Metabolism. 2004;53(11):1436-1442.
,
Association between diet, lifestyle, metabolic cardiovascular risk factors, and plasma C-reactive protein levels
,
Metabolism.
, vol.
53
(pg.
1436
-
1442
)
Gorgey AS, Gater DR. Prevalance of obesity after spinal cord injury. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 2007;288:1265-1268.
,
Prevalance of obesity after spinal cord injury
,
Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.
, vol.
288
(pg.
1265
-
1268
)
Spungen AM, Adkins RH, Stewart CA, et al. Factors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95(6):2398-2407.
,
Factors influencing body composition in persons with spinal cord injury: a cross-sectional study
,
J Appl Physiol.
, vol.
95
(pg.
2398
-
2407
)
Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2003;107(3):499-511.
,
Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association
,
Circulation.
, vol.
107
(pg.
499
-
511
)
Albert MA, Glynn RJ, Ridker PM. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and the calculated Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score. Circulation. 2003;108(2):161-165.
,
Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and the calculated Framingham Coronary Heart Disease Risk Score
,
Circulation.
, vol.
108
(pg.
161
-
165
)
Ridker PM, Rifai N, Rose L, Buring JE, Cook NR. Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(20):1557-1565.
,
Comparison of C-reactive protein and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the prediction of first cardiovascular events
,
N Engl J Med.
, vol.
347
(pg.
1557
-
1565
)
Koenig W, Lowel H, Baumert J, Meisinger C. C-reactive protein modulates risk prediction based on the Framingham Score: implications for future risk assessment: results from a large cohort study in southern Germany. Circulation. 2004;109(11):1349-1353.
,
C-reactive protein modulates risk prediction based on the Framingham Score: implications for future risk assessment: results from a large cohort study in southern Germany
,
Circulation.
, vol.
109
(pg.
1349
-
1353
)
Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of developing peripheral vascular disease. Circulation. 1998;97(5):425-428.
,
Plasma concentration of C-reactive protein and risk of developing peripheral vascular disease
,
Circulation.
, vol.
97
(pg.
425
-
428
)
Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, Tracy RP, Hennekens CH. Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(14):973-979.
,
Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men
,
N Engl J Med.
, vol.
336
(pg.
973
-
979
)
Biasucci LM. CDC/AHA Workshop on Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice: clinical use of inflammatory markers in patients with cardiovascular diseases: a background paper. Circulation. 2004;110(25):560-567.
,
CDC/AHA Workshop on Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease: Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice: clinical use of inflammatory markers in patients with cardiovascular diseases: a background paper
,
Circulation.
, vol.
110
(pg.
560
-
567
)
Feng D, Tracy RP, Lipinska I, Murillo J, McKenna C, Tofler GH. Effect of short-term aspirin use on C-reactive protein. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2000;9(1):37-41.
,
Effect of short-term aspirin use on C-reactive protein
,
J Thromb Thrombolysis.
, vol.
9
(pg.
37
-
41
)
Chait A, Han CY, Oram JF, Heinecke JW. Thematic review series: the immune system and atherogenesis. Lipoprotein-associated inflammatory proteins: markers or mediators of cardiovascular disease? J Lipid Res. 2005;46(3):389-403.
,
Thematic review series: the immune system and atherogenesis. Lipoprotein-associated inflammatory proteins: markers or mediators of cardiovascular disease?
,
J Lipid Res.
, vol.
46
(pg.
389
-
403
)
Ridker PM. C-reactive protein: eighty years from discovery to emergence as a major risk marker for cardiovascular disease. Clin Chem. 2009;55(2):209-215.
,
C-reactive protein: eighty years from discovery to emergence as a major risk marker for cardiovascular disease
,
Clin Chem.
, vol.
55
(pg.
209
-
215
)
Hansson GK, Libby P. The immune response in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol. 2006;6(7):508-519.
,
The immune response in atherosclerosis: a double-edged sword
,
Nat Rev Immunol.
, vol.
6
(pg.
508
-
519
)
Pasceri V, Willerson JT, Yeh ET. Direct pro-inflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells. Circulation. 2000;102(18):2165-2168.
,
Direct pro-inflammatory effect of C-reactive protein on human endothelial cells
,
Circulation.
, vol.
102
(pg.
2165
-
2168
)
Pasceri V, Cheng JS, Willerson JT, Yeh ET. Modulation of C-reactive protein-mediated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction in human endothelial cells by anti-atherosclerosis drugs. Circulation. 2001;103(21):2531-2534.
,
Modulation of C-reactive protein-mediated monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 induction in human endothelial cells by anti-atherosclerosis drugs
,
Circulation.
, vol.
103
(pg.
2531
-
2534
)
Verma S, Li SH, Badiwala MV, et al. Endothelin antagonism and interleukin-6 inhibition attenuate the proatherogenic effects of C-reactive protein. Circulation. 2002;105(16):1890-1896.
,
Endothelin antagonism and interleukin-6 inhibition attenuate the proatherogenic effects of C-reactive protein
,
Circulation.
, vol.
105
(pg.
1890
-
1896
)
Cermak J, Key NS, Bach RR, Balla J, Jacob HS, Vercellotti GM. C-reactive protein induces human peripheral blood monocytes to synthesize tissue factor. Blood. 1993;82(2):513-520.
,
C-reactive protein induces human peripheral blood monocytes to synthesize tissue factor
,
Blood.
, vol.
82
(pg.
513
-
520
)
Ballou SP, Lozanski G. Induction of inflammatory cytokine release from cultured human monocytes by C-reactive protein. Cytokine. 1992;4(5):361-368.
,
Induction of inflammatory cytokine release from cultured human monocytes by C-reactive protein
,
Cytokine.
, vol.
4
(pg.
361
-
368
)
Woollard KJ, Phillips DC, Griffiths HR. Direct modulatory effect of C-reactive protein on primary human monocyte adhesion to human endothelial cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 2002;130(2):256-262.
,
Direct modulatory effect of C-reactive protein on primary human monocyte adhesion to human endothelial cells
,
Clin Exp Immunol.
, vol.
130
(pg.
256
-
262
)
Chang MK, Binder CJ, Torzewski M, Witztum JL. C-reactive protein binds to both oxidized LDL and apoptotic cells through recognition of a common ligand: Phosphorylcholine of oxidized phospholipids. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2002;99(20):13043-13048.
,
C-reactive protein binds to both oxidized LDL and apoptotic cells through recognition of a common ligand: Phosphorylcholine of oxidized phospholipids
,
Proc Natl Acad Sci USA.
, vol.
99
(pg.
13043
-
13048
)
Tebo JM, Mortensen RF. Internalization and degradation of receptor bound C-reactive protein by U-937 cells: induction of H2O2 production and tumoricidal activity. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1991;1095(3):210-216.
,
Internalization and degradation of receptor bound C-reactive protein by U-937 cells: induction of H2O2 production and tumoricidal activity
,
Biochim Biophys Acta.
, vol.
1095
(pg.
210
-
216
)
Cirillo P, Golino P, Calabro P, et al. C-reactive protein induces tissue factor expression and promotes smooth muscle and endothelial cell proliferation. Cardiovasc Res. 2005;68(1):47-55.
,
C-reactive protein induces tissue factor expression and promotes smooth muscle and endothelial cell proliferation
,
Cardiovasc Res.
, vol.
68
(pg.
47
-
55
)
Bledsoe SL, Barr JC, Fitzgerald RT, et al. Pravastatin and clopidogrel combined inhibit intimal hyperplasia in a rat carotid endarterectomy model. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2006;40(1):49-57.
,
Pravastatin and clopidogrel combined inhibit intimal hyperplasia in a rat carotid endarterectomy model
,
Vasc Endovascular Surg.
, vol.
40
(pg.
49
-
57
)
Wang TD, Wang YH, Huang TS, Su TC, Pan SL, Chen SY. Circulating levels of markers of inflammation and endothelial activation are increased in men with chronic spinal cord injury. J Formos Med Assoc. 2007;106(11):919-928.
,
Circulating levels of markers of inflammation and endothelial activation are increased in men with chronic spinal cord injury
,
J Formos Med Assoc.
, vol.
106
(pg.
919
-
928
)
Lang CH, Frost RA. Role of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the catabolic response to injury and infection. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2002;5(3):271-279.
,
Role of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in the catabolic response to injury and infection
,
Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care.
, vol.
5
(pg.
271
-
279
)
Milias GA, Nomikos T, Fragopoulou E, Athanasopoulos S, Antonopoulou S. Effects of eccentric exercise-induced muscle injury on blood levels of platelet activating factor (PAF) and other inflammatory markers. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;95(5-6):504-513.
,
Effects of eccentric exercise-induced muscle injury on blood levels of platelet activating factor (PAF) and other inflammatory markers
,
Eur J Appl Physiol.
, vol.
95
(pg.
504
-
513
)
Banovac K, Sherman AL, Estores IM, Banovac F. Prevention and treatment of heterotopic ossification after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2004;27(4):376-382.
,
Prevention and treatment of heterotopic ossification after spinal cord injury
,
J Spinal Cord Med.
, vol.
27
(pg.
376
-
382
)
Estrores IM, Harrington A, Banovac K. C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients with heterotopic ossification after spinal cord injury. J Spinal Cord Med. 2004;27(5):434-437.
,
C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients with heterotopic ossification after spinal cord injury
,
J Spinal Cord Med.
, vol.
27
(pg.
434
-
437
)
Nash MS, Gintel SL, Mendez AJ, Hamm LF, Lewis JE, Groah SL. Elevated CRP and vascular disease after SCI: inflammatory epiphenomenon or pathologic agent? J Spinal Cord Med. 2006;29(3):252.
,
Elevated CRP and vascular disease after SCI: inflammatory epiphenomenon or pathologic agent?
,
J Spinal Cord Med.
, vol.
29
pg.
252
Morse LR, Stolzmann K, Nguyen HP, et al. Association between mobility mode and C-reactive protein levels in men with chronic spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(4):726-731.
,
Association between mobility mode and C-reactive protein levels in men with chronic spinal cord injury
,
Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol.
89
(pg.
726
-
731
)
Goldberg RB. Guideline-driven intervention on SCI-associated dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome and glucose intolerance using pharmacological agents. Topics in SCI Rehabil. 2009;14(3):46-57.
,
Guideline-driven intervention on SCI-associated dyslipidemia, metabolic syndrome and glucose intolerance using pharmacological agents
,
Topics in SCI Rehabil.
, vol.
14
(pg.
46
-
57
)
Blum A, Shamburek R. The pleiotropic effects of statins on endothelial function, vascular inflammation, immunomodulation and thrombogenesis. Atherosclerosis. 2009;203(2):325-330.
,
The pleiotropic effects of statins on endothelial function, vascular inflammation, immunomodulation and thrombogenesis
,
Atherosclerosis.
, vol.
203
(pg.
325
-
330
)
Ridker PM, Danielson E, Fonseca FA, et al. Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:2195-2207.
,
Rosuvastatin to prevent vascular events in men and women with elevated C-reactive protein
,
N Engl J Med.
, vol.
359
(pg.
2195
-
2207
)
Taylor DJ, Lichstein KL, Durrence HH, Reidel BW, Bush AJ. Epidemiology of insomnia, depression, and anxiety. Sleep. 2005;28(11):1457-1464.
,
Epidemiology of insomnia, depression, and anxiety
,
Sleep.
, vol.
28
(pg.
1457
-
1464
)
Fruchart JC. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha): at the crossroads of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Atherosclerosis. 2009;205(1):1-8.
,
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha): at the crossroads of obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease
,
Atherosclerosis.
, vol.
205
(pg.
1
-
8
)
Ye HJ, Zhao SP. Anti-atherogenic properties of fibrates may be largely due to their anti-inflammatory effects. Med Hypotheses. 2006;66(3):495-500.
,
Anti-atherogenic properties of fibrates may be largely due to their anti-inflammatory effects
,
Med Hypotheses.
, vol.
66
(pg.
495
-
500
)
Kuvin JT, Dave DM, Sliney KA, et al. Effects of extended-release niacin on lipoprotein particle size, distribution, and inflammatory markers in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98(6):743-745.
,
Effects of extended-release niacin on lipoprotein particle size, distribution, and inflammatory markers in patients with coronary artery disease
,
Am J Cardiol.
, vol.
98
(pg.
743
-
745
)
Thoenes M, Oguchi A, Nagamia S, et al. The effects of extended-release niacin on carotid intimal media thickness, endothelial function and inflammatory markers in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Int J Clin Pract. 2007;61(11):1942-1948.
,
The effects of extended-release niacin on carotid intimal media thickness, endothelial function and inflammatory markers in patients with the metabolic syndrome
,
Int J Clin Pract.
, vol.
61
(pg.
1942
-
1948
)
Mihran RT, Barnes FS, Wachtel H. Transient modification of nerve excitability in vitro by single ultrasound pulses. Biomed Sci Instrum. 1990;26:235-246.
,
Transient modification of nerve excitability in vitro by single ultrasound pulses
,
Biomed Sci Instrum.
, vol.
26
(pg.
235
-
246
)
Goldfine AB, Silver R, Aldhahi W, et al. Use of salsalate to target inflammation in the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Clin Transl Sci. 2008;1(1):36-43.
,
Use of salsalate to target inflammation in the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
,
Clin Transl Sci.
, vol.
1
(pg.
36
-
43
)
Gilgore SG, Rupp JJ. Response of blood glucose to intravenous salicylate. Metabolism. 1961;10:419-421.
,
Response of blood glucose to intravenous salicylate
,
Metabolism.
, vol.
10
(pg.
419
-
421
)
Gilgore SG, Rupp JJ. The long-term response of diabetes mellitus to salicylate therapy: report of a case. JAMA. 1962;180:65-66.
,
The long-term response of diabetes mellitus to salicylate therapy: report of a case
,
JAMA.
, vol.
180
(pg.
65
-
66
)
Reid J, Macdougall AI, Andrews MM. Aspirin and diabetes mellitus. Br Med J. 1957;2(5053):1071-1074.
,
Aspirin and diabetes mellitus
,
Br Med J.
, vol.
2
(pg.
1071
-
1074
)
Shoelson SE, Lee J, Goldfine AB. Inflammation and insulin resistance. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(7):1793-1801.
,
Inflammation and insulin resistance
,
J Clin Invest.
, vol.
116
(pg.
1793
-
1801
)
Estes D, Kaplan K. Lack of platelet effect with the aspirin analog, salsalate. Arthritis Rheum. 1980;23(11):1303-1307.
,
Lack of platelet effect with the aspirin analog, salsalate
,
Arthritis Rheum.
, vol.
23
(pg.
1303
-
1307
)
Fleischman A, Shoelson SE, Bernier R, Goldfine AB. Salsalate improves glycemia and inflammatory parameters in obese young adults. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(2):289-294.
,
Salsalate improves glycemia and inflammatory parameters in obese young adults
,
Diabetes Care.
, vol.
31
(pg.
289
-
294
)
Pass the fish (oil capsules), please. Following the latest recommendations from the American Heart Association may mean reaching for fish oil supplements. Harv Heart Lett. 2003;13(8):2.
,
Pass the fish (oil capsules), please. Following the latest recommendations from the American Heart Association may mean reaching for fish oil supplements
,
Harv Heart Lett.
, vol.
13
pg.
2
Juturu V. Omega-3 fatty acids and the cardiometabolic syndrome. J Cardiometab Syndr. 2008;3(4):244-253.
,
Omega-3 fatty acids and the cardiometabolic syndrome
,
J Cardiometab Syndr.
, vol.
3
(pg.
244
-
253
)
Goldberg RB, Sabharwal AK. Fish oil in the treatment of dyslipidemia. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2008;15(2):167-174.
,
Fish oil in the treatment of dyslipidemia
,
Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes.
, vol.
15
(pg.
167
-
174
)
Harris WS. n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;65(5 Suppl):1645S-1654S.
,
n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies
,
Am J Clin Nutr.
, vol.
65
(pg.
1645S
-
1654S
)
Park Y, Harris WS. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation accelerates chylomicron triglyceride clearance. J Lipid Res. 2003;44(3):455-463.
,
Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation accelerates chylomicron triglyceride clearance
,
J Lipid Res.
, vol.
44
(pg.
455
-
463
)
Smith BK, Sun GY, Donahue OM, Thomas TR. Exercise plus n-3 fatty acids: additive effect on postprandial lipemia. Metabolism. 2004;53(10):1365-1371.
,
Exercise plus n-3 fatty acids: additive effect on postprandial lipemia
,
Metabolism.
, vol.
53
(pg.
1365
-
1371
)
Griffin MD, Sanders TA, Davies IG, et al. Effects of altering the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acids on insulin sensitivity, lipoprotein size, and postprandial lipemia in men and postmenopausal women aged 45-70 y: the OPTILIP Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(6):1290-1298.
,
Effects of altering the ratio of dietary n-6 to n-3 fatty acids on insulin sensitivity, lipoprotein size, and postprandial lipemia in men and postmenopausal women aged 45-70 y: the OPTILIP Study
,
Am J Clin Nutr.
, vol.
84
(pg.
1290
-
1298
)
Harris WS, O’Keefe JH, Jr. Preventive use of N-3 fatty acids. Circulation. 2003;108(19): e139; author reply e139.
,
Preventive use of N-3 fatty acids
,
Circulation.
, vol.
108
pg.
e139
Segal-Isaacson CJ, Wylie-Rosett J. The cardiovascular effects of fish oils and omega-3 fatty acids. Heart Dis. 1999;1(3):149-154.
,
The cardiovascular effects of fish oils and omega-3 fatty acids
,
Heart Dis.
, vol.
1
(pg.
149
-
154
)
Abeywardena MY, Head RJ. Longchain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and blood vessel function. Cardiovasc Res. 2001;52(3):361-371.
,
Longchain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and blood vessel function
,
Cardiovasc Res.
, vol.
52
(pg.
361
-
371
)
Morris MC, Sacks F, Rosner B. Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials. Circulation. 1993;88(2):523-533.
,
Does fish oil lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of controlled trials
,
Circulation.
, vol.
88
(pg.
523
-
533
)
Bhatnagar D, Durrington PN. Omega-3 fatty acids: their role in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis related risk factors and complications. Int J Clin Pract. 2003;57(4):305-314.
,
Omega-3 fatty acids: their role in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis related risk factors and complications
,
Int J Clin Pract.
, vol.
57
(pg.
305
-
314
)
Erkkila AT, Lehto S, Pyorala K, Uusitupa MI. n-3 Fatty acids and 5-y risks of death and cardiovascular disease events in patients with coronary artery disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;78(1):65-71.
,
n-3 Fatty acids and 5-y risks of death and cardiovascular disease events in patients with coronary artery disease
,
Am J Clin Nutr.
, vol.
78
(pg.
65
-
71
)
Volker D, Fitzgerald P, Major G, Garg M. Efficacy of fish oil concentrate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(10):2343-2346.
,
Efficacy of fish oil concentrate in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis
,
J Rheumatol.
, vol.
27
(pg.
2343
-
2346
)
Simopoulos AP. Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development. Am J Clin Nutr. 1991;54(3):438-463.
,
Omega-3 fatty acids in health and disease and in growth and development
,
Am J Clin Nutr.
, vol.
54
(pg.
438
-
463
)
Knapp HR. Omega-3 fatty acids in respiratory diseases: a review. J Am Coll Nutr. 1995;14(1):18-23.
,
Omega-3 fatty acids in respiratory diseases: a review
,
J Am Coll Nutr.
, vol.
14
(pg.
18
-
23
)
Belluzzi A, Boschi S, Brignola C, Munarini A, Cariani G, Miglio F. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory bowel disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;71(1 Suppl):339S-342S.
,
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and inflammatory bowel disease
,
Am J Clin Nutr.
, vol.
71
(pg.
339S
-
342S
)
Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23(2):e20-30.
,
Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease
,
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.
, vol.
23
(pg.
e20
-
30
)
Kris-Etherton PM, Harris WS, Appel LJ. Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: new recommendations from the American Heart Association. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2003;23(2):151-152.
,
Omega-3 fatty acids and cardiovascular disease: new recommendations from the American Heart Association
,
Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol.
, vol.
23
(pg.
151
-
152
)
Singh RB, Niaz MA, Sharma JP, Kumar R, Rastogi V, Moshiri M. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival--4. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 1997;11(3):485-491.
,
Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of fish oil and mustard oil in patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction: the Indian experiment of infarct survival--4
,
Cardiovasc Drugs Ther.
, vol.
11
(pg.
485
-
491
)
Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet. 1999;354(9177):447-455.
,
Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial
,
Lancet.
, vol.
354
(pg.
447
-
455
)
Marchioli R, Schweiger C, Tavazzi L, Vala-gussa F. Efficacy of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: results of GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico. Lipids. 2001;36(Suppl):119-126.
,
Efficacy of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: results of GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto Miocardico
,
Lipids.
, vol.
36
(pg.
119
-
126
)
Franzosi MG, Brunetti M, Marchioli R, Marfisi RM, Tognoni G, Valagussa F. Cost-effectiveness analysis of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) after myocardial infarction: results from Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto (GISSI)-Prevenzione Trial. Pharmacoeconomics. 2001;19(4):411-420.
,
Cost-effectiveness analysis of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) after myocardial infarction: results from Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell’Infarto (GISSI)-Prevenzione Trial
,
Pharmacoeconomics.
, vol.
19
(pg.
411
-
420
)
This content is only available as a PDF.