Objective: To assess the peak force during wheelchair propulsion of individuals with spinal cord injury propelling over obstacles from the Wheelchair Skills Test. Participants/Methods: Twenty-three individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) who are full-time manual wheelchair users were included in this prospective study. A SmartWheel (Three Rivers Holdings, LLC) was used to analyze each push while subjects negotiated standardized obstacles used in the Wheelchair Skills Test, including tile, carpet, soft surface, 5° and 10° ramps, 2 cm, 5 cm, and 15 cm curbs. Results: When the peak forces of the advanced skills were compared to level 10 m tile/10 m carpet, there was a statistically significant increase in all peak forces (P value ranged from .0001 to .0268). Discussion: It is well documented that a large number of individuals with SCI develop upper limb pain. One of the recommendations to preserve the upper limb is to minimize force during repetitive tasks. Conclusion: Advanced wheelchair skills require an increase in force to accomplish. The increase in forces ranged from 18% to 130% over that required for level 10 m tile/10 m carnet.

kinetics, manual wheelchair, peak force, propulsion, spinal cord injury, wheelchair skills test
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