Purpose: To identify the relationship of race and gender with 3 aspects of life satisfaction and depressive symptoms after spinal cord injury (SCI), evaluating the extent to which socioeconomic factors mediate any observed relationships. Methods: Adults with traumatic SCI of at least 1-year duration (N = 1,549) were identified through a Southeastern United States SCI Model System of care, and cross-sectional survey data were collected at a Southeastern United States medical university. Three aspects of life satisfaction (home life satisfaction, vocational satisfaction, global satisfaction) were measured using 20 satisfaction items from the Life Situation Questionnaire-Revised. The Older Adult Health and Mood Questionnaire measured depressive symptoms. MANCOVA assessed mediation of socioeconomic status between race and life satisfaction and depression. Results: Home life satisfaction and vocational satisfaction were significantly related to race, with White participants scoring higher than Black participants during the first stage of the regression. However, socioeconomic factors mediated the relationships such that race was no longer significant after considering economic factors. Race was significantly associated with global satisfaction after adjusting for socioeconomic factors. Depression was not significantly related to race. Gender was unrelated to all study outcomes. Of the socioeconomic mediators, family income was a significant predictor of each outcome, whereas education was only predictive of vocational satisfaction. Conclusion: Socioeconomic factors are important mediators of the relationship between race and certain aspects of life satisfaction among persons with SCI. Family income and, to a lesser extent, education should be considered when evaluating race differences in life satisfaction after SCI.
Krause JS. Secondary conditions and spinal cord injury: a model for prediction and prevention. Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil. 1996;2(2):217-227.
,
Secondary conditions and spinal cord injury: a model for prediction and prevention
, Top Spinal Cord Inj Rehabil.
, vol. 2
(pg. 217
-227
) Krause JS, Kemp B, Coker JL. Depression after spinal cord injury: relation to gender, ethnicity, aging, and socioeconomic indicators. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2000;81(8):1099-1109.
,
Depression after spinal cord injury: relation to gender, ethnicity, aging, and socioeconomic indicators
, Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol. 81
(pg. 1099
-1109
) Dijkers MP. Quality of life in individuals with spinal cord injury: a review of conceptualization, measurement, and research findings. J Rehab Res Dev. 2005;42(suppl 3):87-110.
,
Quality of life in individuals with spinal cord injury: a review of conceptualization, measurement, and research findings
, J Rehab Res Dev.
, vol. 42
(pg. 87
-110
) van Koppenhagen CF, Post MW, van der Woude LH, et al. Changes and determinants of life satisfaction after spinal cord injury: a cohort study in the Netherlands. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2008;89(9):1733-1740.
,
Changes and determinants of life satisfaction after spinal cord injury: a cohort study in the Netherlands
, Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol. 89
(pg. 1733
-1740
) Krause JS, Saladin LK, Adkins RH. Disparities in subjective well-being, participation, and health after spinal cord injury: a 6-year longitudinal study. NeuroRehabil. 2009;24(1):47-56.
,
Disparities in subjective well-being, participation, and health after spinal cord injury: a 6-year longitudinal study
, NeuroRehabil.
, vol. 24
(pg. 47
-56
) Krause JS. Subjective well-being after spinal cord injury: relationship to gender, race-ethnicity, and chronologic age. Rehabil Psychol. 1998;43(4):282-296.
,
Subjective well-being after spinal cord injury: relationship to gender, race-ethnicity, and chronologic age
, Rehabil Psychol.
, vol. 43
(pg. 282
-296
) Krause JS, Broderick LE, Broyles J. Subjective well-being among African-Americans with spinal cord injury: an exploratory study between men and women. NeuroRehabil. 2004;19(2):81-89.
,
Subjective well-being among African-Americans with spinal cord injury: an exploratory study between men and women
, NeuroRehabil.
, vol. 19
(pg. 81
-89
) Dijkers MP. Correlates of life satisfaction among persons with spinal cord injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1999;80(8):867-876.
,
Correlates of life satisfaction among persons with spinal cord injury
, Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol. 80
(pg. 867
-876
) Dowler R, Richards JS, Putzke JD, Gordon W, Tate D. Impact of demographic and medical factors on satisfaction with life after spinal cord injury: a normative study. J Spinal Cord Med. 2001;24(2):87-91.
,
Impact of demographic and medical factors on satisfaction with life after spinal cord injury: a normative study
, J Spinal Cord Med.
, vol. 24
(pg. 87
-91
) Krause JS, Broderick LE, Saladin LK, Broyles J. Racial disparities in health outcomes after spinal injury: mediating effects of education and income. J Spinal Cord Med. 2006;29:17-25.
,
Racial disparities in health outcomes after spinal injury: mediating effects of education and income
, J Spinal Cord Med.
, vol. 29
(pg. 17
-25
) Krause JS, Broderick LE. Outcomes after spinal cord injury: comparisons as a function of gender and race and ethnicity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:355-362.
,
Outcomes after spinal cord injury: comparisons as a function of gender and race and ethnicity
, Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol. 85
(pg. 355
-362
) DeNavas-Walt C, Proctor BD, Smith JC. Income, poverty, and health insurance coverage in the United States: 2007. 2008. http://www.census.gov/ prod/2008pubs/p60-235.pdf. Accessed May 4, 2011. http://www.census.gov/
Gaglia MA Jr, Steinberg DH, Pinto Slottow TL, et al. Racial disparities in outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103(5):653-658.
,
Racial disparities in outcomes following percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents
, Am J Cardiol.
, vol. 103
(pg. 653
-658
) Krause JS, Brotherton S, Morrisette D, Newman S, Karakostas T. Does pain interference mediate the relationship of independence in ambulation with depressive symptoms after spinal cord injury? Rehabil Psychol. 2007;52(2):162-169.
,
Does pain interference mediate the relationship of independence in ambulation with depressive symptoms after spinal cord injury?
, Rehabil Psychol.
, vol. 52
(pg. 162
-169
) Baron RM, Kenny DA. The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1986;51(6):1173-1182.
,
The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations
, J Pers Soc Psychol.
, vol. 51
(pg. 1173
-1182
) Krause JS, Anson CA. Adjustment after spinal cord injury: relationship to gender and race. Rehabil Psychol. 1997;42(1):31-46.
,
Adjustment after spinal cord injury: relationship to gender and race
, Rehabil Psychol.
, vol. 42
(pg. 31
-46
) Krause JS, Broderick LE. Outcomes after spinal cord injury: comparisons as a function of gender and race ethnicity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2004;85:355-362.
,
Outcomes after spinal cord injury: comparisons as a function of gender and race ethnicity
, Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol. 85
(pg. 355
-362
) Farmer MM, Ferraro KF. Are racial disparities in health conditional on socioeconomic status? Social Sci Med. 2005;60(1):191-204.
,
Are racial disparities in health conditional on socioeconomic status?
, Social Sci Med.
, vol. 60
(pg. 191
-204
) Krause JS. Dimensions of subjective well-being after spinal cord injury: an empirical analysis by gender and race/ethnicity. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998;79(8):900-909.
,
Dimensions of subjective well-being after spinal cord injury: an empirical analysis by gender and race/ethnicity
, Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol. 79
(pg. 900
-909
) Krause JS, Reed KS. Life satisfaction and self-reported problems after spinal cord injury: measurement of underlying dimensions. Rehabil Psychol. 2009;54(3):343-350.
,
Life satisfaction and self-reported problems after spinal cord injury: measurement of underlying dimensions
, Rehabil Psychol.
, vol. 54
(pg. 343
-350
) Kemp BJ, Adams BM. The Older Adult Health and Mood Questionnaire: a measure of geriatric depressive disorder. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 1995;8(3):162-167.
,
The Older Adult Health and Mood Questionnaire: a measure of geriatric depressive disorder
, J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol.
, vol. 8
(pg. 162
-167
) Krause JS, Saunders LL, Reed KS, Coker J, Zhai Y, Johnson E. Comparison of the Patient Health Questionnaire and the Older Adult Health and Mood Questionnaire for self-reported depressive symptoms after spinal cord injury. Rehabil Psychol. 2009;54(4):440-448.
,
Comparison of the Patient Health Questionnaire and the Older Adult Health and Mood Questionnaire for self-reported depressive symptoms after spinal cord injury
, Rehabil Psychol.
, vol. 54
(pg. 440
-448
) Kemp B, Krause J, Adkins R. Depression among African Americans, Latinos, and Caucasians with spinal cord injury: a exploratory study. Rehabil Psychol. 1999;44(3):235-247.
,
Depression among African Americans, Latinos, and Caucasians with spinal cord injury: a exploratory study
, Rehabil Psychol.
, vol. 44
(pg. 235
-247
) Fuhrer MJ, Rintala DH, Hart KA, Clearman R, Young ME. Depressive symptomatology in persons with spinal cord injury who reside in the community. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1993;74(3):255-260.
,
Depressive symptomatology in persons with spinal cord injury who reside in the community
, Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol. 74
(pg. 255
-260
) Krause JS, Zhai Y, Saunders LL, Carter RE. Risk of mortality after spinal cord injury: an 8-year prospective study. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90(10):1708-1715.
,
Risk of mortality after spinal cord injury: an 8-year prospective study
, Arch Phys Med Rehabil.
, vol. 90
(pg. 1708
-1715
)
This content is only available as a PDF.
