We review axonal sprouting and regeneration in response to injury and to various therapeutic interventions in the spinal cord. Axonal growth can be enhanced through conditioning lesions and by transplantation. Some transplantation strategies and the combinations of transplants with administration of neurotrophins are discussed. New approaches to stimulating the regeneration by modifying activity of intracellular pathways are described. The inhibitory nature of the mature CNS and the increased impediments provided by the injured CNS and methods to counter both are also reviewed. Finally, the relationship of these interventions to functional recovery is considered.
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