Energy Loss of Pneumatic Tires Under Freely Rolling, Braking, and Driving Conditions

The concept of rolling resistance force is replaced by that of energy dissipated in unit distance traveled. The energy loss per unit distance, which is a function of slip angle, inclination angle, wheel torque, and other variables, is shown to reach a minimum under driving conditions. The new formula is compared with those given by Gough and by the Society of Automotive Engineers.