Estimated survival probability for Boreal Toad embryos (Ŝ^E), tadpoles (Ŝ^T), and from embryo through metamorphosis (Ŝ^EM) with associated SEs (in parentheses). Ŝ^T is tadpole survival through metamorphosis, given by the bracketed part of Equation 2. Tadpoles were documented, but no metamorphs found in three of the six site–year combinations, suggesting complete reproductive failure. Embryo and tadpole survival were not estimated separately in 2017, so we simply report our estimate of Ŝ^EM.