State population distribution of participants that observed, photographed, or fed “other water birds” (USDOI et al. 2011). Using data from the 2011 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting and Wildlife-Associated Recreation, we calculated participation rates for residents of all U.S. states that have whooping cranes who reported “other water bird watching” on their surveys. Their frequency of bird watching was used to assign an avidity level, which corresponded to the willingness-to-pay values in Table 3.