Wildlife faces many challenges living alongside humans, but certain species can overcome these obstacles and succeed even in urban areas. Boldness and neophobia are 2 potential aspects of animal personality that could affect urban adaptation and, if correlated, may form a behavioral syndrome. If urban individuals are bolder and less neophobic than rural individuals, they may be able to exploit anthropogenic landscapes more fully. We tested this idea by conducting flight initiation distance and novel object experiments with 10 urban and 10 rural Northern Cardinals (Cardinalis cardinalis). Urban birds had shorter flight initiation distances and foraged near novel objects more readily than rural birds, and both behaviors were highly repeatable within individuals, suggestive of personality. We found a positive correlation wherein bolder individuals were also less neophobic, but only in the rural population. Thus, the urban environment may impose selective pressures that result in population-level differences in these 2 behaviors, while also decoupling them such that urban individuals can fine tune their behaviors in response to novel conditions. In contrast, the existence of a behavioral syndrome in rural birds may be an adaptive response to a more consistent environment. In total, these results help explain how Northern Cardinals can modify their behaviors, either plastically or via genetic evolution, to thrive in urban areas.

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